1. Chapter 2: Matter and Change

2. Notes overview Learn how to classify matter:
By composition
By state
Identify properties of matter
Learn how to separate substances
Differentiate between changing substances chemically and physically

3. Properties of matter Extensive Properties Intensive Properties
depends on the amount of matter present in a sample
Examples: mass, volume
Intensive Properties
depends on the type of matter (not amount)
Examples: hardness, density

4. The physical side of matter
Physical Property
quality or condition of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance’s identity (composition)
Examples: hardness, color, conductivity, malleability, ductility, melting point, boiling point, state
Physical Change
changing the form of a substance without changing the identity (composition)
properties remain the same

5. The chemical side of matter
Chemical Property
ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity (composition) through chemical reaction
Chemical Change
change that produces matter with a different identity (composition) than the original matter
Products have different properties
Examples: burning, rusting, fermenting, decomposing

6. Classifying matter by composition
The focus is on the type and amounts of atoms present as well as how they are combined in the substance
Two main types are:
Pure Substances
Mixtures

7. Types of mixtures flowchart
MATTER
yes no
Can it be physically separated?
MIXTURE
Is the composition uniform? no
yes
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture (suspension)

8. Mixtures Mixtures Are physical combinations of different substances
Composition can vary (the proportions are not fixed)
Can be separated into original parts using physical changes

9. Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture has a uniform composition
will not settle out
also called a solution
Examples: salt water, Kool-Aid, air, steel, etc.

10. Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixture composition is not uniform
will settle out
also called a suspension
Examples: blood, orange juice, mud puddle, salad dressing, bird seed, etc.

11. Mixtures Colloids (special type of heterogeneous mix.)
Particles are intermediate in size… larger than those in a solution and smaller than those in a suspension
will not settle out
particles cannot be filtered
can be distinguished by Tyndall effect where visible light is scattered (solutions don’t do this)
Examples: Jello, whipped cream, marshmallow, milk, smoke, etc.

12. What type of mixture is shown?

13. What type of mixture is shown?

14. What type of mixture is shown?

15. What type of mixture is shown?

16. Ways to separate mixtures
Separating mixtures is just problem-solving…
One looks at the different physical properties of the substances in a mixture and selects one that is different
Examples: distillation, filtration, decantation, evaporation, chromatography, centrifugation, electrophoresis

17. Distillation
Purpose: used when boiling points differ between substances in a mixture
Process: liquid mixture is boiled to produce a vapor which is collected and condensed back into a simpler liquid

18. Filtration
Purpose: used when mixtures consist of liquids and solids together
Process: solid/liquid mixture is poured through a screen or filter to catch the solid particles while the liquid flows past

19. Types of pure substances flowchart
MATTER
yes no
Can it be physically separated?
PURE SUBSTANCE
Can it be chemically decomposed? no
yes
Compound
Element

20. Pure substances Pure Substances
Composition consists of atoms in fixed proportions
Example: Water is H2O. It always has 2 hydrogens attached to 1 oxygen.
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances physically

21. Pure substances Elements simplest form of matter
consists of one type of atom
only substances on the periodic table
Example: gold (Au), aluminum (Al), carbon (C), etc.

22. Pure substances Compounds
contains two or more elements chemically combined
is in fixed proportions (can be shown with a chemical formula)
cannot be broken down into simpler substances physically
Examples: H2O (water), NaCl (table salt), C6H12O6 (sugar), etc.

23. Ways to separate pure substances
To separate, chemical reactions must occur through a change in energy caused by chemical interactions, electricity, heat exchange, etc.
Example: Electrolysis of water
Direct current is applied to water (H2O) causing it to split into separate hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.

24. Types of matter flowchart
yes no
Can it be physically separated?
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE
Is the composition uniform? no
yes
Can it be chemically decomposed? no
yes
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture (suspension)
Compound
Element

25. Classifying matter by state
The focus is on the arrangement of atoms in a particular substance
4 main states of matter are:
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
2 other states include Bose-Einstein condensate and fermionic condensate

26. Solids
Definite shape
Definite volume
Not easily compressed

27. Liquids Indefinite shape (it can flow) Definite Volume
Not easily compressed

28. Gases
Indefinite shape
Indefinite volume
Easily compressed

29. Plasma Indefinite shape Indefinite volume
Particles become ionized (positive and negative charges) which allows electricity to flow through them