1. Chapter 7 Confederation and Constitution

2. _________________: a loose association or league of states
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
During the War for Independence, the colonies were governed by the Continental Congress and ___________assemblies.
_________________: a loose association or league of states

3. Organization and Achievements of Confederation
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Organization and Achievements of Confederation
Articles of Confederation, drafted in __________
developed by ______________of Delaware
had ________ governing body and a congress elected yearly
emphasized the _____________over a strong central government

4. Adoption of the Articles of Confederation
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Adoption of the Articles of Confederation
The Articles needed to be ____________ (given formal approval) by each state.
________________was the greatest contention among the states.
VA and MD were slow to ratify.

5. 2 main reasons some states objected to the Congress taking over the lands:
The states with ______________ land claims did not want to them up.
Influential land speculators were upset that they would not be able to make __________by reselling the land.

6. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
Compromise
Congress was given control of the western lands and made them “__________________.”
Each state obtained an _____________vote in congress.

7. Political Power under the Articles
No power to ________
Could raise & maintain an _______
Declare _________
Make treaties with foreign countries
Manage __________ affairs
Est. a _________system
Borrow & coin money

8. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
Congress based tax assessments in the slave states on the value of improved lands rather than population.

9. ___________ powers Controlled foreign and domestic trade
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
___________ powers
Controlled foreign and domestic trade
Ability to tax
Deal directly with foreign countries
Declare war

10. The states agreed to cooperate in certain issues.
Each state would respect the others’
birth, marriage, death certificates, & wills
They would _________ criminals & runaway slaves who crossed state lines.
They would settle disputes through ________________ (3rd party)

11. Articles of Confederation
Laws could be passed when ____ of 13 states approved them.
The Articles themselves could be changed only with __________ consent of the states

13. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
Lasting Achievements
The most important legislation passed by the Confederation Congress dealt with the ______________lands.
Both pieces of legislation were written by __________________.

14. The __________________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The __________________________
Northwest Territory- area bounded on the east by the original 13 colonies, on the west by the MS River, on the north by the Great Lakes, & on the south by the Ohio River
provided for ____________ and selling the western lands
The ordinance divided the land into areas of 6 square miles called ___________________.

15. The Northwest Ordinance of 1785
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The Northwest Ordinance of 1785
Each township was subdivided into 36 smaller parcels (1 sq. mile) called _______________.
Sections contained ______ acres.
The _______ section was set aside for education

16. The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 Has had a lasting effect on America
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The Northwest Ordinance of 1785
Has had a lasting effect on America
Farms & roads were laid out in straight lines & right angles (still visible today in _________& Plains states)

17. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution

18. The _______________________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The _______________________________
provided government for these large tracts of western lands
structure: a governor, three judges, and a secretary (all appointed by Congress)

19. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
__________ citizens: population with which the region could elect its own legislature
______________ citizens: population with which the region could apply for statehood (write constitution)
Guaranteed freedom of religion & forbade ____________ in the Northwest Territory
The _____________ River became the dividing line between slave & free states.

20. The ______________ Record
Is the official record & proceedings in sessions of Congress.

21. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
Unfortunately, the Confederation Congress failed in several areas. These failures, which became obvious right away, highlighted the many weaknesses of the _____________________________________________.

22. Administrative Weaknesses inability to _________ its laws
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Administrative Weaknesses
inability to _________ its laws
No ____________or legislative branch to enforce or interpret the laws
____________weaknesses
couldn’t tax
lacked power to regulate trade
didn’t have the sole authority to coin money

23. Problems with _____________ still controlled western forts
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Problems with _____________
still controlled western forts
stopped American ships
Problems with _____________ and the Netherlands
unable to repay loans

24. Problems with _____________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Problems with _____________
Still held land in N. America, wary of American westward expansion
Convinced local _____________ that Americans would deprive them of their lands & urged raids on settlements
____________________: ability to stockpile goods while awaiting export

25. Right of deposit: ability to stockpile goods while awaiting export
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Problems with Spain
Dispute over use of ports on the lower MS River (_____________________)
Right of deposit: ability to stockpile goods while awaiting export
Spain denied Americans this privilege
Congress appointed _______________of working out the problem, paid high tariffs
Spain disputed the southern boundary, Americans drew it at the _____parallel (settled with the Pinckney Treaty)

26. Crop prices are low, heavy tax burden for farmers
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Discontent at Home
Massachusetts Assembly pledged to repay war debts, in turn had to levy heavy taxes on the state’s citizens.
Crop prices are low, heavy tax burden for farmers
____________________(veteran of the Continental Army): led an armed mob to destroy court records (Shays’s Rebellion)

27. _________________________(1787)
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
_________________________(1787)
Daniel Shays (veteran of the Continental Army): led an armed mob (1200) to destroy court records
Marched his men toward Springfield, were a federal arsenal was located.
1 volley dispersed the rebels, killing 4
Result: pointed out the ______________ of the Confederation

28. Preparation for Change __________________ Convention, 1786
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Preparation for Change
__________________ Convention, 1786
5 states present
purpose: help resolve disputes between the states
Called for a convention of states in ___________________

29. Philadelphia Convention,1787 (_____________________ Convention)
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Philadelphia Convention,1787 (_____________________ Convention)
Independence Hall, Philadelphia
Only ___ delegates, 12 states
purpose: revise the Articles of Confederation, create a national government strong enough to govern the country

30. Philadelphia Convention,1787 chairman: ____________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Philadelphia Convention,1787
chairman: ____________________
decided to abandon the Articles and create a new government
Discussions kept secret from the public

31. ____________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Men Who Brought Change
____________________
“America’s first political scientist”
“Father of the Constitution”
__________________- led the NY delegation
__________________- oldest delegate present (82)

32. Thomas Jefferson- minister to _______
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Men Who Brought Change
Not present
Thomas Jefferson- minister to _______
John Adams- minister to _______________
JULY 4, 1826???

33. The purpose of the Constitutional Convention was NOT to write the ______________________.
Originally, it was to change the Articles of Confederation, but the men realized they needed a new plan of government.

34. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
_________________: a document that describes how a government is to work and gives its basic laws

35. needed a __________ central government needed to be a _____________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Points of Agreement
needed a __________ central government
needed to be a _____________
Elected representatives govern the __________
Representatives and government limited by _______________

36. No one _______________ should become too powerful
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Points of Agreement
No one _______________ should become too powerful
Rights & properties of individuals should be ______________

37. ________________
_________________
Rule by the people directly
Based on what the majority wants
Can lead to mob rule
Today there is a shift to democracy.
Actually a democratic republic
The people (democratic) elect their representatives (republic).
Rules can be changed only by changing the Constitution.

38. ______________________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
______________________________
level of power held by central government
possibility of some states becoming too powerful
slavery and commerce

39. The ________ Compromise ______________ Plan (Large State Plan)
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The ________ Compromise
______________ Plan (Large State Plan)
would have two legislative houses, both based on population
________________ Plan (Small State Plan)
called for one legislative body with equal representation

40. Great Compromise (________________ Compromise)
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Great Compromise (________________ Compromise)
proposed by ________________
called for two legislative houses (bicameral): one with equal representation, the other based on population
___________________________
_____________ (2 senators per state)

41. Every _____ years the federal government would determine the population of the states by taking a census.
__________- count of the population

42. The ___________ Compromise
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The ___________ Compromise
_________: wanted tariffs to protect their industries
_________: opposed tariffs to protect their exports
Made the U.S. less dependent on foreign trade

43. The _______________ Compromise
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The _______________ Compromise
dilemma: How should congress count the slave population?
solution: counted each slave as three-fifths of a person

44. The Three-Fifths Compromise
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Included a promise that for ________ years Congress would make no laws interfering with slavery.
Many people believed slavery was becoming less profitable, thought it would die out.

45. government powers are limited by law
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
________________
government powers are limited by law
Leaders cannot change their own powers according to their desires
A law is only good if it agrees with what God says.
_________________________: divides the powers of government among the three branches

46. ________________________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
________________________
designed to prevent the three branches from exceeding their powers
________________- led by the President, enforces laws
________________- interprets laws
________________ - makes laws
A __________ System: divided the power between the national government and the states

47. Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitutionpp
Instead of amending the Articles of Confederation, the men at the Constitutional Convention had drawn up an entirely new plan for the United States. It was nearly impossible to know how the states would receive it.

48. Ratifying the Constitution
______________________
3 delegates refused to sign it because they wanted a ___________________ added first. (George Mason, Edmund Randolph, Elbridge Gerry)
A Bill of Rights would guarantee __________& _____________rights & freedoms to citizens.

49. Ratifying the Constitution
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Ratifying the Constitution
_____________: favored the adoption of the Constitution

50. The _____________ Papers
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
The _____________ Papers
written by ______________________________________, John Jay, and James Madison
Collection of essays
Persuaded their states to ratify the Constitution

51. worked against ratification of the Constitution
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
___________________
worked against ratification of the Constitution
opposed a strong central government
desired a Bill of Rights
ratification: needed _______ states to approve

52. _____________________
system to elect the President
______________________- 1st President
______________________- 1st Vice-President

53. ________________________
Went into effect on December 15, 1791
1st ________amendments to the Constitution
________ amendment- grants freedom of religion, assembly, press, speech, and petition

54. The Constitution
The _____________law of the land
More than ______ years old
Longest used constitution in the world
_______________- 1st paragraph of Constitution. “We the People”

55. Reasons for Its Success - ________ principles ______________
Chapter 7 – Confederation and Constitution pp
Reasons for Its Success
- ________ principles
______________

56. _______________________
National motto suggested by Benjamin Franklin
“Out of Many, One.”