1. Chapter 1: People and Government
Section 1: Principles of Government

2. The State
Aristotle: A scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government.
State: identified as a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority.
Nation: Any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion.

3. Four Essential Features of a State
Population
Territory
Sovereignty: The state has supreme and absolute authority within its territorial boundaries.
Government: The institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living within the state.

4. Theories of the Origin of the State
Evolutionary Theory: The theory that the state evolved from the family.
Force Theory: Says that government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group.
Divine Right Theory: Belief that certain people are either descended from gods or chosen by gods to rule.
Social Contract Theory: Theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens.

5. The Purposes of Government
Maintaining social order (provides ways of solving conflict).
Providing public services (essential services that make community life possible and promote general welfare.
Providing national security.
Making economic decisions.

6. Chapter 1: People and Government
Section 2: The Formation of Governments

7. Government Systems
Unitary Systems: Gives all key powers to the national or central government.
Central government creates state, provincial, or other local governments and gives them limited sovereignty.
Federal Systems: Divides the power of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.
Confederacy: A loose union of independent states.

8. Constitutions and Government
Constitution: Is a plan that provides the rules for government.
It sets out ideals that the people bound by the constitution believe in and share.
It establishes the basic structure of government and defines the government’s powers and duties.
It provides the supreme law for the country.

9. Constitutions and Government
Constitutional Government: Refers to a government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern.
The constitution is:
An incomplete guide
A statement of goals
Preamble: A statement that sets forth the goals and purposes to be served by the government.
A framework for government
The highest law
Constitutional Law: The interpretation and application of the constitution.

10. Politics and Government
Politics: The effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government.

11. Governing in the Twentieth Century
Industrialized Nation: Country with large industry and advanced technology that provide a more comfortable way of life.
Developing Nation: A country that is only beginning to develop industrially.

12. Chapter 1: People and Government
Section 3: Types of Government

13. Major Types of Government
Autocracy: Any system of government in which the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual.
Totalitarian Dictatorship
Monarchy
Absolute Monarch
Constitutional Monarch

14. Major Types of Government
Oligarchy: Is any system of government in which a small group holds power.
Derives power from wealth, military power, social position, or religion.
Democracy: Is any system of government in which rule is by the people.
Direct Democracy
Representative Democracy
Republic

15. Characteristics of Democracy
Individual liberty
Majority rule with minority rights
Free elections “one person, one vote”
Competing political parties
Political Party: Group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy.
Democrats / Republics

16. The Soil of Democracy Five general criteria
Active citizen participation
A favorable economy
Widespread education
Strong civil society: A complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and many other kinds of groups that exist independently of government.
A social consensus: When people accept democratic values such as individual liberty and equality for all.

17. Chapter 1: People and Government
Section 4: Economic Theories

18. Economics
The study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources.

19. Capitalism
Capitalism: Free enterprise; economic system in which freedom of choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises is emphasized.
Five main characteristics:
Private ownership and control of property and economic resources.
Free enterprise
Competition among businesses
Freedom of choice
The possibility of profits

20. Capitalism
Origins
Developed gradually
Two concepts:
People could work for economic gain.
Wealth should be used aggressively.
Free Market: Buyers and sellers were free to make unlimited economic decisions in the market place.
Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)
Laissez-Faire (To let alone)

21. Capitalism
Mixed-Market Economy: Economy in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions in the marketplace.

22. Socialism
Socialism: The government owns the basic means of production, determines the use of resources, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as education, healthcare, and welfare.
Three goals:
The distribution of wealth and economic opportunity equally among people.
Society’s control, through its government, of all major decisions about production.
Public ownership of most land, of factories, and of means of production.

23. Socialism
Democratic Socialism: Wanted to work within the democratic political system to improve economic conditions.

24. Communism
Communism: One class would evolve, property would be held in common, and there would be no need for government.
Karl Marx
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Capitalism would come to an end.
Socialism would develop into communism.
Command Economy: The government decides how much to produce, what to produce, and how to distribute the goods and services produced.
Class Struggle