1. Ancient Greece

2. Greek Geography Greece is a peninsula surrounded by islands
Peninsula – land surrounded by water on three sides

3. Greek Geography Greece is very mountainous
Greek communities often developed independently and were isolated because of the mountains
As a result, Greek communities were very diverse and often at war

4. Technology results from necessity
Because Greek coastal cities were sandwiched between the ocean and the sea, they developed a navy for trading and fighting.
Colonization of nearby islands resulted.

5. The Minoans and Mycenaeans
Minoans-early civilization on island of Crete
Success was based on trade
By 1400 BC Minoan civilization disappeared and were taken over by Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans established a society on the Greek peninsula

6. Polis = City-State
Greece was divided into city-states, each known as a polis.
Each polis was built around an acropolis, a hill with the temple of the local god at the top.
At the foot of the acropolis was the agora, an open area used as a marketplace.

7. Architecture
Architecture – the designing of buildings, furnishings, and other artificial constructions
The architecture of ancient Greece is the basis for virtually all Western architectural developments

8. Influence of Greek Architecture
The Parthenon
The Lincoln Memorial

9. Architecture The Acropolis: Parthenon

10. Greek Government
Kings (tyrants) ruled the city-states of early Greece.
Later each city-state developed its own form of government.
In some city-states the aristocracy shared authority with the king.
In other city-states democracies were formed and male citizens took part in assemblies to make laws.
Why did different city-states form different types of government?

11. Athens
Athenians were encouraged to engage in activities like art, philosophy, music (education).

12. Athenian Democracy
Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy.
All free men had the right to debate and vote.
Every man had a say in whether to declare war or peace.
This is Direct Democracy

13. This is Sparta!
Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens.
Sparta was an oligarchy, government ruled by a few. They had 2 kings.
During the Peloponnesian War Sparta sacked Athens.

14. Sparta Spartan society was obsessed with war.
Boys were sent to military school at a young age.
Boys who are born deformed are left to die on mountainsides

15. Sparta: Society Even today, “spartan” means - Practicing great control
In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal
To discourage economic and social classes, Spartans practiced a simple, plain lifestyle
No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth
Even today, “spartan” means
- Practicing great control
- Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity
- Owning very few things

16. Sparta: Society
Class distinctions based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent
Spartan educational system cultivated this idea:
Boys left their homes at age seven to live in military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training
At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement

17. Sparta: Society
Women married at age 18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands
The men stayed in the barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children
Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children

18. The Persian Wars 1st Persian War 2nd Persian War
Persian leader Darius I upset at Athens sends ships to invade Greece at Marathon
Greece defeats the larger Persian force but decides to build a fleet of ships after the victory
2nd Persian War
This time Athens persuades other city-states to help in the cause
Sparta sends troops to intercept at Thermopylae
Xerxes reaches Athens and burns it to the ground
Athens trapped Xerxes fleet into the harbor of Salamis
Athens wins the Persian War

20. BATTLE FORMATION
Greeks used the phalanx formation in battle to protect themselves and strike opponents easily

21. The Peloponnesian War The Golden Age of Athens Delian League
Sparta grows tired of Athenian dominance
Athens vs. Sparta
Athens has a disadvantage because of their reliance on their Navy

22. Review – Venn Diagram
Athens
Sparta

23. Review – Venn Diagram Athens Sparta Limited Democracy
Outlawed debt slavery
Allowed grants of citizenship to some foreigners
Merchants and Farmers
Traded with other city-states
Boys received education if their families could not afford it
Education included many areas of knowledge
Monarchy with two kings
Military society
Boys trained to be soilders
Women could inherit property
Conqured people became state-owned slaves (POWs)
Only native-born Spartan males could be citizens
Looked down on trade
Isolated itself from other city- states
Athens
Sparta

24. Athens/Sparta Similarities
Common language
Shared religious beliefs
Sense of superiority over non-Greeks

25. Peloponnesian War
Athens is unable to overcome the Spartan’s superior army
The greatest Athenian leader, Pericles will help hold off Sparta for many years by building a great wall to keep Sparta out
In the end a plague (possibly the black plague) swept through Athens killing as much as 50% of the population, after this Sparta sacked Athens
The result of this was a very weakened Greece that was now open for invasion.

26. Socrates No personal writings
His student Plato wrote about Socrates’ teachings
He believed the goal of education was to improve the individual, so accepted no pay
Socratic method still used today – a Question/Answer format
Believed real knowledge already within us
“The unexamined life is not worth living” – Socrates
He questioned authority – in conflict with government and was forced to drink hemlock, a poison (death sentence)

27. Plato Student of Socrates
Plato wrote a lot about the question of reality
He wrote The Republic
Examined his distrust of democracy
A just life means philosophers become kings, the warriors protect the people, the masses were the producers
Believed men and women were equal

28. Aristotle Student of Plato Established a school called the Academy
Believed observation and investigation is key
People should analyze existing governments to find best one
Wrote Politics and discussed the best forms of government as monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government (his favorite)

29. Greek Writing
Homer
Wrote epics: a long poem which tells a story involving gods, heroes, and heroic exploits
Iliad: Greek perspective on the war against Troy in the 12th Century B.C.
Odyssey: Experiences of the Greek hero Odysseus as he sailed home after the Trojan War
Depicted not just heroic adventures but also much about Greek travel, communication, and interaction in the Mediterranean basin

30. Greek Writing Herodotus (484-420 B.C.) The “Father of History”
Not the world’s first historian, but the first to make investigation the key to history
Traveled to where the event occurred and interviewed witnesses
Established the concept that history requires research
The Histories chronicles Greece’s war with Persia

31. Greek Tragic Drama
Theaters were always outdoors and sat thousands of people
Central character (the tragic hero) suffers some serious misfortune that is logically connected with the hero’s actions (the tragic flaw)
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
Theater at Epidaurus held 14,000 people

32. Greek Decline
The Greeks began to lose their sense of community and fought with one another.
In 338 B.C. Philip II of Macedonia north of Greece (Alexander the Great’s father) conquered Greece.

33. Ancient Persia

34. Persian Empire Politics: “King of Kings” & satraps
Economics: trade, tribute, taxes
Military: 10,000 Immortals
Religion: Zoroastrianism
Often seen through Greek eyes….

35. Persian Empire (ancient)

36. “King of Kings” Cyrus (559-530 BC) Cambyses (530-525 BC)
Darius ( BC)
Xerxes ( BC)
King Darius

37. “King of Kings”

39. Persepolis- Persian Capital
Darius I began the elaborate citadel; his son, Xerxes, continued its construction; and his grandson, Artaxerxes I, completed the magnificent city of Persepolis, which was a confluence of styles--Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek. Only portions of the audience hall remain. (George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

40. Persian military 10,000 Immortals Meritocracy Very large army
Cataphracts = Persian knight

41. Trade, tribute, & taxes in Persia

42. Persian economy Gold daric & silver shekels standardized Royal Road:
1700 miles from Sardis to Susa
“neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness…” (Herodotus)
International trade

43. Silver rhyton Silver rhyton
This Achaemenid Persian silver rhyton (drinking vessel) is in the shape of a griffin, a mythological animal that is part lion and part eagle. Persian rulers commanded the talents of western Asia's best artists and craftsmen, silversmiths among them. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)

44. Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in Persia approximately 3500 years ago.
For 1000 years Zoroastrianism was one of the most powerful religions in the world. It was the official religion of Persia from 600 BCE to 650 CE.
Zoroastrians believe there is one God called Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) and He created the world.
Zoroastrians are not fire-worshippers, as some Westerners wrongly believe. Zoroastrians believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents God's light or wisdom.

45. Stone relief of Persian Magi
This stone relief from Dascylium, headquarters of the Persian governor in northwest Anatolia, shows two magi wearing veils over their mouths and holding bundles of sticks used in the ceremony of sacrifice. The Persian kings and their subordinates were Zoroastrians, and it is likely that Zoroastrianism spread to the provinces, where significant numbers of Persians lived, and influenced the beliefs of other peoples. (Archaeological Museums
of Istanbul)

46. Zoroastrian Magus

47. End of Greece

48. Phillip II of Macedonia
defeated Athens and its allies gaining control of most of Greece.
greatly respected Greek culture and wanted to preserve it.
after his death, his son Alexander took over at the age of 20.
Alexander dreamed of world conquest.
Alexander was a brilliant military strategist.

49. Alexander conquered the Persian empire and controlled the largest empire the world has ever seen.

50. Alexander the Great His empire was multicultural.
He spread Greek culture.
He built cities that became great
centers of learning.
After his death, his empire
crumbled because his generals
fought for control.

51. Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout Asia.
Hellenistic is a fancy word for Greek.
Alexander spread Greek technology and ideas throughout his empire