1. EQ: How is the periodic table organized?
Introduction to Atoms
EQ: How is the periodic table organized?

2. Look at the painting to the right …..
Pay attention to the detail.
You will notice that it’s made of small spots of color that create the people in the park
Matter is like this painting.
Matter is made of tiny objects called atoms

3. Atomic Models If you could look into an atom, what would you see?
Figuring out what is inside atoms has not been easy.
Because atoms are so small, it’s been a difficult task has been tricky and our ideas about the structure and shape of atoms have changed many times.

4. Atomic Models
The ancient Greeks were the first to think about what made up matter.
The Greek philosopher Democritus first proposed the idea that matter is made of small pieces that could not be cut into smaller pieces around the year 430 BC
He described these small pieces as atoms, which means “uncuttable” in Greek.
Because the Greeks did not do experiments they did not prove the existence of atoms

5. Atomic Theory
It wasn’t until the late 1600’s (2000 years later!) that the idea of atoms were considered again.
Since then scientists such as John Dalton, JJ Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and James Chadwick have researched and learned about Democritus’s atoms.
We are adding to our knowledge every day

6. Atoms
Atoms are the foundation of chemistry. They are the basis for everything in the Universe.
As you know, all phases of matter are composed of atoms.
Solids are made of densely packed atoms while gases have atoms that are spread out.

7. Structure The Electron Cloud Model is accepted today.
It consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloudlike region of electrons

8. Structure of An Atom
Electrons are the smallest of the three particles and are found in shells or orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom.

9. Structure of An Atom
There are almost 120 known elements in the periodic table.
The atoms of different elements have different numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Every element is unique and has an atomic number.
That number tells you the number of protons in every atom of the element

10. Structure of An Atom The center of the atom is called the nucleus.
Electrons are found in areas called shells. A shell is sometimes called an energy level.
Shells are areas that surround the center of an atom.
Each of those shells has a name (K, L, M...).

11. Charges of Atoms
You can see that each part of the atom is labeled with a "+", "-", or a "0."
Those symbols refer to the charge of the particle.
Have you ever heard about getting a shock from a socket, static electricity, or lightning?
Those are all related to electric charges. Charges are also found in tiny particles of matter.

12. Charges of Atoms The electron always has a negative charge (-)
The proton always has a positive charge (+).
The neutron has a neutral or no charge (0)
A neutral charge atom has the same number electrons and protons. (4+ and 4- is zero charge).

13. Charges of Atoms
Since the number of protons in an atom does not change, fewer or extra electrons can create a special atom called an ion.
Cations have fewer electrons and have a positive charge.
Anions have extra electrons that create a negative charge.

14. Electrons Electrons are the negatively charged particles of atom.
Together, all of the electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge of the protons in the atomic nucleus.
Electrons are extremely small and orbit the nucleus like a “cloud”

15. Electrons
These clouds are generally organized into energy shells with a large space between them and the nucleus

16. Electrons Each electron shell can hold a certain number of electrons
They are filled from the inside out
Noble gases have full outer electron shells
All other elements have partially filled outer electron shells

18. Protons A proton is a tiny particle, smaller than an atom.
Protons are too small to see, even with an electron microscope, but we know they must be there because that's the only way we can explain how atoms behave.
To give you an idea how small a proton is, if an atom was the size of a football stadium, then a proton would still be smaller than a marble.

19. Protons Protons are made of sub-atomic particles called quarks
Protons are part of the nucleus of an atom and have a positive charge.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines its placement on the periodic table

20. Neutrons
Neutrons are part of the nucleus, or center, of an atom and have no charge (neutral)

21. Neutrons They aren't positive like protons.
They aren't negative like electrons.
Neutrons and protons make up the mass of the atom and electrons have virtually very little mass

22. EQ: How is the periodic table organized?
Atomic Mass and Number
EQ: How is the periodic table organized?

23. Particle Masses
Although electrons may balance out protons charge for charge (negative to positive), they can’t compare when it comes to mass.
It takes 2,000 electrons to equal the mass of just one proton.
On the other hand, protons and neutrons are about equal in mass

24. Size and Scale of Atoms
While atoms are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons, they are mostly empty space.
An atom is like a miniature Solar System, with a tight nucleus playing the role of a Sun orbited by electrons like planets.
But the nucleus is incredibly tiny compared with the orbits of the electrons.

25. Size and Scale of Atoms
To give you an idea of the scale of an atom, picture an empty baseball stadium, like Turner Field
If the nucleus (the size of a pencil eraser) is on the pitcher’s mound, where would the electrons be?

26. Size and Scale of Atoms
In the top row of seats!

27. Size and Scale of Atoms Atoms are amazingly small.
The tiniest speck of dust may contain 10 billion atoms.
Today’s powerful w microscopes can give a glimpse of atoms, but do not yet show the structure of atoms and how they work

28. Atomic Number Every atom of an element has the same number of protons.
For example, the nucleus of every helium has 2 protons
Every nitrogen atom has 7 protons
Every potassium atom has 19 protons

29. Atomic Number
This unique number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the element’s atomic number.
The atomic number identifies the element.
Carbon’s atomic number is 6
Oxygen’s atomic number is 8
Iron’s atomic number is 26
Atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom AND the number of electrons in the electron cloud

30. Isotopes and Mass Number
Carbon-12, 13,14
Atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.

31. Isotopes and Mass Number
Although all atoms of an element have the same number of protons, their number of neutrons may vary.

32. Isotopes and Mass Number
An isotope is identified by its mass number.
The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Although the atoms that make up an element may have different mass numbers, the atoms all react the same way chemically.

33. EQ: How is the periodic table organized?
Candy Atoms
EQ: How is the periodic table organized?

34. Candy Atoms
Objective: To use the periodic table to identify the correct numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons that an element’s atom would have.
Materials:
Candies
A data sheet
4 atom templates
A periodic table

35. Procedures
Assign one color candy to be protons, a second color to be the neutrons, and a third to represent the electrons.
There will be several rounds of atom-building – so get ready
Your group will receive a set of 4 cards. Put them face-down in the center of the table – no peeking!
At the word GO, flip over the first card, read the name of the element and consult your periodic table to build an atom of the given element using the candies. Place the correct number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and place the electrons in the correct shell.
When you are done with the first element, flip over the next card in the pile and repeat the above instructions with the second element.
Continue constructing elements one at a time until you have all four atoms complete.
When all elements are complete, ONE member is to raise their hand to be recognized. I will check your work to determine if it is correct and if your group earns points
First place = 5 points
Second place =3 points
Third place =1 point
We will start each around once all groups finish the current round

36. Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 1 2 3 4 5
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6 1 2 3 4 5

37. Introducing The Periodic Table
EQ: How is the periodic table organized?

38. Introducing the Periodic Table
KNOWNS:
Each group was given a baggie with slips of paper of different colors with assorted shapes and numbers on each.
As a group, you will need to work together to figure out the BEST way to organize the pieces.
You must use ALL pieces
You may not put them in a single straight line
They must be organized how I would like you to have them organized
UNKNOWNS:
How I would like them organized

40. Introducing the Periodic Table