1. Module 4: Organic Chemistry

2. All compounds are made with _______
Carbon has 4 _______available for bonding in its outer energy level.
In order to become stable, carbon atoms form ____ covalent bonds.

3. Living things are mostly made of __________compounds.
These compounds are called ______compounds and their study is called _________chemistry

4. ______can bond with other carbon atoms as well as with many other elements.
When carbon atoms bond with each other, they can form _____ or

5. Molecular Chains
Carbon compounds vary greatly in size. Some contain 1-2 carbon atoms, while others contain 100’s or even 1000’s of carbon atoms.
These large chains of carbons are called___________ or _________

6. Monomers and Polymers
The cell builds macromolecules by bonding small molecules ( ) together to form long chains ( ).

7. Monomers and Polymers
Macromolecules are large molecules, or chains of molecules, found in the cell
AKA known as______________
__________bond together to make_________

8. Molecules that contain_______.
Organic Molecules
Molecules that contain_______.

9. 4 types 1. _____________ 2. ________ 3. _____________
4. __________ _________

10. 1. Carbohydrates Most _________carbon compound found in nature.
Two types are ____________(sugar) and ______________(starches)

11. Structure Composed of ,_________, and____________.
2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every one carbon atom.
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen

12. Monosaccharides Simple______, monomers
Monomer is________. (table sugar is sucrose)
Major source of ________energy
Elements CHO

13. Monosaccharides Test = Benedicts
Positive if color changes from blue to yellow, green, or red

14. Found in…
fruit
pasta
honey

15. Polysaccharides
Starches/Cellulose (makes plants sturdy and is the fiber you eat)
A chain of __________makes a polysaccharide.

16. Function
Starch - Store energy for _____ _______(last longer)

17. Test = Iodine
Positive if color changes purple or black

18. Found in…
fruit
potatoes
pasta
corn
honey

19. 2. Lipids _______ Oils Waxes
NOT Soluble IN ___________(They don’t mix)

20. Monomers
___________and fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.

21. Structure
Composed of long chains of carbons and hydrogen (fatty acids) and___________.
Fatty acids contain a carboxyl functional group.

22. 2 classes of lipids
Saturated
____________

23. Saturated
Have a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are___________.
Hard to break down.
Usually exist as______.
Found in animal fat.

24. Found in… Butter Animal fats __________ Membranes Candle wax
Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

25. Unsaturated
Have a carbon chain in which 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present.
Easier to break down.
Usually exist as liquids.
Found in ________oils.

26. Found in…
Vegetable oil
Membranes
Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

27. Function Insulation Protection Long term energy storage
Help make up biological membranes (cell membranes)

28. 3. Proteins Essential to all life. Composed of amino acids (monomer)
There are ______different amino acids found in living organisms.

29. Composed of… Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Amino acids are held together by a ________bond.

30. ___________and antibodies
Found in…
muscle
skin
hair
___________and antibodies

31. Functions Give structure (bone and muscle)
Transport nutrients in and out of cell
Allow muscles to contract (chemical messengers)
Speed up ___________ reactions

32. Test = Biurets
Positive violet
_______means peptides present

33. Enzymes Speeds up reactions – biological catalyst
Help organisms maintain an internal balance - homeostasis
Are proteins
Enzyme activity is affected by pH
________ Concentration

34. 4. Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides (monomers).
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Nitrogen

35. Composed of…
Long strings of nucleotides held together that make up DNA and RNA.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

36. Found in… All living things!
Even found in viruses, which are classified as “nonliving,” but that is controversial.

37. Functions Store, transmit, and transfer the genetic code.
Responsible for making and coding for all_______.

38. Types of Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
which contain
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,