1. Qing Dynasty 清朝 (1644-1911) “Henry” Pu Yi Emperor Shun Zhi
the 1st Emperor of Qing Dynasty
after Mancus conquered China
“Henry” Pu Yi
Last Emperor of China and Qing Dynasty

2. China and the New Imperialism5
China and the New Imperialism
What trade rights did westerners seek in China? And how did they go about getting them?
What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to resolve?
How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?

3. Emperor Qianlong
Empress Dowager Cixi

4. “As Your Ambassador can see for himself we possess all things
“As Your Ambassador can see for himself we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.”
- Emperor Qianlong
to Lord George Macartney 1792 (on a British mission for trade and commerce with China)

5. The Opium Wars

6. The Impact of Opium Two million Chinese were addicted by 1840s.
Euphoria
Emotional detachment
Absence of pain and stress
Altered mood and mental processes
Sleepiness
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Itchy skin
Increased urination
Sweating
Inability to concentrate
Impaired vision
Death
Two million Chinese were addicted by 1840s.
By the end of the 19th century, 27% of China’s population was addicted to opium.
A quarter of the population!

7. Lin Zexu – the Confucian official
Great integrity and honesty
Given the job of crushing the opium trade
Destroyed 20,000 crates
Outraged European traders

8. Commissioner Lin Sent a “memorial” or letter to Queen Victoria
She did not receive it, but it was published in The Times
He underestimated the military strength of the British
Today he is a Chinese national hero for resisting European imperialism

9. barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is
“Therefore, the new regulations, in regard to those
barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is
fixed at decapitation or strangulation”

10. How did the British react?
What did the Chinese do?
1839 crackdown on opium trade
British traders forced to handover opium chests
How did the British react?
British send in the Imperial Navy

11. What do you notice about this picture? What about the warships?
First Opium War
What do you notice about this picture? What about the warships?

12. Treaty of Nanjing 1842
Chinese:
forced to open 5 coastal ports
pay for the war
liberalize trade
cede island of Hong Kong
consider British subjects outside of Chinese law

13. Humiliating defeat of Qing
Second Opium War
Humiliating defeat of Qing

14. Second Opium War – details:
Chinese sailors arrested on Hong Kong ship - The Arrow
British said this contravened the Treaty of Nanjing - extraterritoriality
The French joined the British - demanded legal opium trade
Humiliating defeat of Qing – despite outnumbering the British and French 10 to 1
Destruction of the Summer Palace

15. Treaty Tientsin - 1858 10 new ports opened
foreign embassies open in Beijing
freedom of religion guaranteed
foreign ships could freely navigate Yangtze River
opium legalized
ceded Kowloon to Britain

16. Consequences of the Opium Wars
showed weakness of Qing Dynasty
forced Qing to establish diplomatic relations with European powers as equals
opened China to foreign influence - trade
gave freedom to missionaries to spread Christianity

17. Unequal Treaties
1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese
2. Open several ports to British trade
3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong
4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

18. 1899 French magazine

19. What were the causes of the Opium War?
What were the results?

20. Reform Efforts 5
In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

21. The Kingdom of Heavenly Peace
The Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan
The Kingdom of Heavenly Peace

22. Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.5
Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

23. Taiping Rebellion Leader: Hong Xiuchuan
He declared himself a brother of Jesus or a Chinese Jesus
Thinks that God gave him a sign that he should build heaven on earth
Peasants were sick of the Qing
1. They thought that the Qing had lost the mandate of heaven
2. The Qing were foreigners and not Chinese.

24. Some of the Causes of Unrest in China
Rapid population growth (why was this a problem?)
Heavy taxes imposed (who mainly had to pay these taxes?)
Foreign presence in ports and cities eg Christian missionaries, foreign schools, foreign publications
Failure of Imperial Government to respond to the peoples’ needs
Corruption for exams that allowed for promotion of citizens in society
Are there any connections in the list above,
to the Opium Wars?

25. What happened? started at the south of the country
Took Nanjing in 1853
Land were to be divded up
Equality of women
Foreign nations hoped to continue the trading, so they sent troops to put down the rebellion
Qing dynasty realized that they were too weak to put down even a small rebellion

26. The Ever-Victorious Army
This was the Imperial army led by western soldiers
The
Ever Victorious Army attacks and defeats the Heavenly Army

27. What were the EFFECTS of this conflict?
HONG’s 100,000 soldiers commit suicide when they are defeated in Nanjing
20,000,000 dead, mainly (Han Chinese) civilians
It is considered one of the deadliest military conflicts in history

28. Cixi was the concubine of Emperor Xianfeng When the Emperor died in 1861…
After the Taiping Rebellion….
Empress Dowager Cixi

29. Cixi gained power…. Cixi was the mother of the new Emperor
Emperor Tongzhi was only 5 years old
she was “power behind the curtain”
brilliant manipulator and ruthless
alliance with Chinese military
overthrew the government
executed 3 government ministers

30. Successes
she was willing to work with anyone to maintain her power, eg appointed Han Chinese to key positions
she formed an alliance with the British and French to defeat the Taiping Rebellion
established first university in Beijing

31. Failures would not share power distrusted foreigners
stopped study abroad program for Chinese students

32. Wasted money served 150 different dishes at a single banquet
drank from a jade cup and ate with golden chopsticks
Navy funds used to build herself a lavish Summer Palace
her personal jewellery vault held 3,000 ebony boxes of jewels

33. The marble boat at the Summer Palace

34. Emperor Tongzhi grows up
Her son, Tongzhi, by the age of 15 was drinking heavily and visiting prostitutes.
But he died young of smallpox in 1875 (18 yrs old)

35. Cixi has all power again!

36. Who will be the new Emperor?
Emperor Tongzhi had no children
Cixi selects her nephew,
son of her sister
Emperor Guangxu
He’s only 4 years old!
(involved in the 100 Day Reform…)
25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908

37. Weakness fully exposed
Sino-Japanese War of
Chinese navy destroyed
Taiwan ceded to Japan
large indemnity
most-favored-nation
more treaty ports
Korea
start of Japanese empire

38. Sino-Japanese War

39. Surrender of Chinese to Japanese 1895

40. But the new Emperor grows up...
Japanese victory shows China’s weakness
Emperor Guangxu favours reform
He’s influenced by young Confucian scholars
The Scholar Advisor Kang Youwei says – let’s follow Japan’s example

41. 100 Days of Reform modernize the traditional exam system
study math and science instead of Confucian texts
constitutional monarchy with democracy.
capitalism to strengthen the economy
rapidly industrialize all of China

42. Too radical for CiXi Emperor is put under house arrest
8 reformers executed
Scholar Kang flees to Japan
Emperor Guangxu dies 1908

43. Who will be the new Emperor?
Puyi

44. Boxer Rebellion 1900 The Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists
Attack foreigners, missionaries, and Chinese Christians.
Group backed up by Empress Cixi.
Weakened dynasty
Other countries took advantage of China
US ask for China to be treated as an independent country.
“Open door” policy

45. 8-nation forces invaded Beijing
Harsh settlement
station troops in Beijing
huge indemnity
Russian troops in Manchuria
until 1905

47. 5
Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

48. 5
Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

49. Western invasions (1839-1900) Opium War (1839 - 1842)
The Second Opium War
( )
Russia’s territorial gains
Northeast China ( )
Northwest China ( )
Sino-French War ( )
Sino-Japanese War ( )
8-nation forces (1900)

50. The scramble for concessions

51. Fall of the Qing Dynasty5
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.
However, the new republic had to deal with corruption, Communists, Warlords, and Japan – result Civil War to 1949 

52. Question 7 (In Groups):
Compare and contrast, using a Venn-diagram, the effects or impact of imperialism on China and the Ottoman Empire.