1. The Evolution of Psychology
Psychology- the study of the mind, thinking, and behavior. Psychologists strive to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
**For this power point the important text to copy is red**

2. History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC
Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.

3. René Descartes:
Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines.
Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa.
Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior.
Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.

4. John Locke:
Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.
No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection.
Mind is a blank slate written on by experience (tabula rasa).

5. Dorothea Dix
She was shocked and horrified by the treatment of the mentally ill
Became a social reformer
Spent 40 years lobbying U.S. and Canadian legislators to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill
Her efforts directly affected the building of 32 institutions in the United States.

6. Charles Darwin: s
Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.
Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.

7. Psychology = Eclecticism
Method of utilizing diverse theories and schools of thought to explain human behavior
Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture.
Unlikely that psychology will ever have a one size fits all explanation of human bx

8. Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt: “Father of Psychology”
1879: Leipzig, Germany.
Intended to make psychology a reputable science.
Many American psychologists eventually went on to study in Leipzig in the 1st Psych Lab

9. Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
Most of his experiments on sensation and perception.
Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally.
Trained in medicine and philosophy.
Wrote many books about psychology, philosophy, ethics, and logic.

10. Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?

11. Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt’s work led to the 1st school of thought in Psychology called STRUCTURALISM
Structuralism - focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.
Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection.

12. Introspection Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.
TOOL used to by Structuralist
Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of human consciousness using this method

13. E.B. Titchener Wundt’s student. Taught at Cornell University.
Structuralism: He furthered Wundt’s work and understanding of human thought process.
Titchener coined term “Structuralism”

14. Margaret Floy Washburn
Student of Edward B. Titchener at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University
There she was the first graduate student recommended by Titchener to the Ph.D. program, and became the first woman to obtain her Ph.D. in Psychology in  

15. Margaret Floy Washburn
Moved away from Titchener's structural psychology
Openly critical of its structuralism later in career - and wrote a second book entitled Movement and Mental Imagery (1917)
1903, she was ranked among the top 50 psychologists in America (when women were excluded from many academic programs)

16. NEXT APPROACH to explain human thinking and behavior

17. William James: 1842-1910 Claimed brain and mind are
constantly changing: focused on function.
Began another school of thought called
Functionalism: the study of how a mental process operates

18. William James
Author of 1st widely used Psych textbook ”Principles of Psychology” 1890
Taught 1st Psych course offered, ever!
Expanded psychology to animal behavior.

19. Structuralism to Functionalism (Wundt & Titchener to James and more)
A shift in early schools of thought occurred in Psychology
the difference between stopping a train to tear it apart to study its parts (structuralism), and looking at how the systems interact while it is running (functionalism).

20. Mary Whiton Calkins 1863-1930 Studied under William James at Harvard.
Admitted to Harvard as a "guest."
Presented Doctoral thesis to Harvard faculty (Despite unanimous approval from the thesis committee)
Harvard still refused to grant Calkins the degree she had earned because she was a ____________ ( fill in the blank)

21. Mary Whiton Calkins Is famous in Psychology because:
First woman president of the American Psychological Association
Calkins wrote over a hundred professional papers of topics in psychology

22. G. Stanley Hall Functionalist First president of the APA & Founded APA
Established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883 at Johns Hopkins University.
Started the American Psychological Journal (1887) now called the American Journal of Psychology, the
1st professional psychological journal

23. WHAT IS THE APA?

24. American Psychological Association (APA)
Founded in 1892
*Largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States.
*Establishes standards of ethics, conduct, education and achievement
*Promoting proper research in psychology

25. American Psychological Association
More than 134,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students as its members.
Mission: is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives.

26. NEXT APPROACH

27. Psychodynamic Approach
All behavior is meaningful
One’s personality is heavily influenced by the unconscious part of personality
Childhood affects adulthood personality

28. Psychodynamic started with Freud
Sigmund Freud,
Studied neurology & became a
private physician.
Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems and that talking it out can ease symptoms
Proposed that problems that dated back to childhood.

29. Siggy Freud
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s therapy method for treating people with emotional problems
Focus on unconscious mind, childhood, dream interpretation and free association, talk therapy
His book Interpretation of Dreams, Sold 600 copies in 8 years; today millions are sold every year
Freud’s contributions to psychology = talking about problems via counseling sessions

30. Psychoanalytic Theory
3 parts to our Personality:
Id: Wants/Desires, Basic primal instincts. “Pleasure Principle”, below our awareness
Nearly all of our unconscious impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature.
Ego: “Reality Principle”
Superego: Conscious mind.“Do the right thing.”

32. Psychoanalytic Theory, more to come in future chapters
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development:
Oral (Birth - 1 yr.)
Anal (potty training years 2-3)
Phallic (3-5 yrs)
Latency (puberty)
Genital (teen to adult = YOU are here)

33. Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud stated that people are “cesspools of hidden desires.”
Unresolved Conflicts: If these occur in childhood, this will cause fixations in later life or use of defense mechanisms

34. More Freud
A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage
Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage.
For example, a person who is fixated at the oral stage may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, chewing on things or eating.

35. Defense Mechanisms - Freud
 Defense mechanisms were created to shield the ego from the conflict of the id and superego (he defined many)
Displacement involves taking one’s feelings on a subject out on another, unrelated subject that is less threatening. Rather than argue with your boss, you go home and argues with a sibling.

36. Psychoanalytic Theory: Criticisms
Does not focus on observable behavior
Cannot be scientifically proven or disproven
Too dark & negative view of human behavior
Ignores political and social explanations of people’s problems.

37. Like Freud: “Neo-Freudians”
“Neo-Freudians” – psychologists who agreed with the basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, but changed and adapted the theory to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas and theories.
Freud proposed a number of ideas that were highly controversial, but also attracted a number of followers.

38. Neo-Freudians & Psychodynamic Approach
Focuses on perceptions, memories & thinking in our unconscious
Started with Carl Jung in 1914, breaking from Freud

39. Carl Jung
Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zürich asylum
Worked with Freud
Jung’s theories revolved around the unconscious mind
Eventually, Jung rejected Freud's emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation

40. Carl Jung
Human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.
collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species

41. Alfred Adler 1870 -1937 Austrian, like Freud
Became president of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Worked with Freud
Departed from Freud due in part to his disagreements with aspects of Freud's theories.
Played a key role in the development of psychoanalysis with Freud

42. Alfred Adler
Believed that every person has a sense of inferiority
From childhood people work toward overcoming this inferiority – resulting in self esteem issues
Believed that the need to overcome inferiority was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts

43. Alfred Adler
Broke from Freud and his work with psychoanalysis to begin =
“Individual Psychology”
Conducted research on effects of birth order on our personality development

44. Adler & Birth Order

45. NEXT APPROACH

46. Behavioral Approach
All behavior is observable and measurable
Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism
All Behavior result of learning

47. Behaviorism-1906 Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936.
Begins behaviorism
Russian experimenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment. “Pavlov’s Dogs”
Identified“Classical Conditioning.”

48. Behaviorism John Watson, 1913.
Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”

49. John. B. Watson Baby Albert experiment
Hypothesis- humans learn emotions through classical conditoining
Used classical conditioning to teach baby to fear objects
(like a white rat)

50. BABY ALBERT by Watson

51. Behaviorism B.F. Skinner, 1950’s.
Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Any undesired behavior can be modified via reinforcement & punishment

52. SKINNER BOX

53. Another form of a SKINNER BOX

54. B.F. Skinner
Used the famous “Skinner Box” as the center of his research
Used rats and pigeons
studied how we learn, he called it OPERANT conditioning

55. Comparing Core Behavioral Ideas

56. Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4Rb9n_sQDg

57. NEXT APPROACH

58. Social Learning Theory
Stresses the importance of unique experiences in family, school, community, etc.
According to this viewpoint, we learn behaviors through observing and mimicking the behavior of others.

59. Albert Bandura born 1925 Famous Bobo Doll Experiment
We behave because we imitate modeled behavior
His criticisms of behaviorists: All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

60. NEXT APPROACH

61. Humanistic Theory (1950-60s)
Strongly disagreed with both Behaviorists and psychoanalysts
Stress the importance of people’s feelings and free will
Believe humans are naturally positive and seek personal growth
People have the ability to heal themselves

63. Humanistic Theory
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs: People’s struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization.
Carl Rogers: Former minister; believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment.

64. Humanistic Theory Criticisms:
Believes all people are good, when plenty of evidence supports otherwise
That people have the ability to heal themselves when there are some biological explanations for mental illness
Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a psychology

65. Next Approach

66. “Biopsych” = Biological Approach
Seeks to understand the nervous system.
Believe all human actions & feelings associated with the nervous system
Like faulty neurotransmitters causing schizophrenic symptoms, or other mental illness
Anatomy & physiology explains human thinking & behavior

67. Biological Approach
Many founding Psychologists expected psychology to rest almost solely on Anatomy and Biology.
How bodily events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memory and behavior.

68. Biopsychology
Roger Sperry won Nobel-Prize for his Split-Brain research.
Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz’s work on complex chemical and biological processes related to sensation and perception (chapter in AP)

69. Contralaterality

70. Biopsychology (Neurobiology)
Criticisms:
Ignores mental processes
Explains too little of human behavior
Rejects environmental influences

71. Next Approach

72. Cognitive Theory Thinking = Cognition
How mental thoughts affect behavior
Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember, solve problems & arrive at beliefs
Know what’s going on in people’s heads first, then applies it to their behavior.
If Structuralists came back to life (Hall, Titchener, Wundt) they would fit in here!

73. For Example:
Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning, like how info transfers from short-term memory and long-term memory
Study the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events

74. Jean Piaget 1896-1980 Stages of Cognitive Development:
Researched children’s cognitive development
Consist if 4 stages
Inferred mental processes from observable behavior
Children must accomplish mental tasks to prove they advanced to next stage

75. Gestalt Psychology part of cognitive approach
Gestalt Psychology: means “pattern” or “configuration.”
Studies how people interpret sensory information in order to acquire knowledge.
“The whole is larger than the sum of its parts”

76. Gestalt Psychology
School of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
Started with Max Wertheimer,
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a response to the structuralism (Wundt)

77. 199 × 188 - positivehealth.com

78. Figure ground image

80. Gestalt…Got it?

81. Example of Gestalt Principles

82. Gestalt

83. Gestalt

86. Cognitive Approach
Criticisms
Downplays emotion

87. NEXT APPROACH

88. Sociocultural Psychology
Examines how cultural and political (religious) experience effect our behavior and thinking
Like Gender influences of behavior.

89. Sociocultural Psychology
Stresses the importance of social norms and culture.
Proposes that children learn behavior through problem-solving interactions with other children and adults. Through these interactions, they learn the values and norms of their society.

90. Sociocultural Psychology
It is NOT intrapsychic: within the mind or self affecting behavior & thoughts like other approaches
It is the outside world affecting our behavior and thoughts

91. Sociocultural Psychology
Criticisms:
Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and cultures
Downplays genetic influences on personality development

92. NEXT APPROACH

93. Evolutionary Approach
Human thinking and behavior are products of natural selection
Started with ideas of Charles Darwin
Evolutionary psychology postulates the mind and behavior is shaped by pressure to survive and reproduce

94. That is all your approaches 
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