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Viruses Non Living or living?.

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Presentation on theme: "Viruses Non Living or living?."— Presentation transcript:

1 Viruses Non Living or living?

2 Are viruses living or non-living? (A typical virus life-cycle)
A typical virus life cycle is show here along with a movie clip showing the internalization of an icosahedral virus.

3 Viruses can cause a variety of diseases from common cold and the flu to serious illnesses such as AIDS, dengue fever, measles, small pox and bird flu. All viruses infect cells and hijack the host cellular machinery for their own benefit. viruses can help us better understand the diseases that they cause, their prevention and treatment.

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6 What is a virus? Organism that causes diseases Common cold Flu AIDS
Bird flu Polio Electron micrographs of viruses. HIV Aeromonas virus 31 Influenza virus Orf virus Herpes simplex virus Smallopx virus Viruses are made of genetic material (DNA or RNA) packaged in a protein shell. They are small (10 nm-3 microns in diameter) and have icosahedral, helical or other complex shapes. Colored electron micrographs of some disease causing viruses are seen in this slide.

7 Are they living? Scientists consider them nonliving because… Not cells
Do not use their own energy Cannot make food for themselves, or take in food Cannot make waste products

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9 What do Viruses look like?
Tailed phages Viruses are commonly either icosahedral or helical. Some viruses are enveloped with a membrane. Tailed phages have a complex structure with a phage head, where the genetic material is packaged, a helical tube and tail fibers to attach to the host cell surface.

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12 Viruses

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14 Viral structure Viruses are not cells. Basic structure:
Protein coat- protection and attachment Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA)-replication

15 Virus Categories DNA viruses – stable, do not mutate rapidly
Single-stranded or double-stranded Smallpox, Hepatitis B RNA viruses – mutate rapidly, unstable HIV, Rhinovirus

16 How Viruses Multiply A virus’s genetic material takes over many of the cell’s functions. It instruct the cell to produce proteins and genetic material and then assemble into new viruses.

17 Are viruses alive? Only 1 characteristic of life: reproduction
Can only reproduce inside a host cell! Process or reproduction = lytic cycle- active virus

18 Lytic Cycle- Active Virus
Virus attaches to host cell’s membrane and injects its nucleic acid into the host cell. The viral nucleic acid takes over protein synthesis, creating new viruses. The host cell bursts, lyses, releasing the newly formed viruses.

19 Before attachment Attachment Penetration and uncoating Release Assembly Replication

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21 Hidden Virus Do not immediately become active; instead they hide for a while. Takes over the host cell DNA; it’s DNA is copied in the cells original DNA EX. Cold sores

22 Lysogenic Cycle- Hidden Virus

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24 Usefulness of Viruses Gene therapy- scientist take advantage of the fact that virus can enter a host cell They add genetic material to a virus, and then use the virus as a “messenger service” to deliver new genetic material for cell to reproduce EX cystic fibrosis

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26 Treating Viruses Nature has to take its course. Treat the symptoms
Most viruses have no treatment, some have a way to prevent the virus from multiplying and cause the illness to run its course more quickly (tamiflu, cold sore medicine)

27 Bacteria

28 Introduction to Bacteria
2 TYPES OF BACTERIA: Heterotroph -Get food from an outside source Autotroph -Make their own food

29 Bacteria - small one celled monerans
Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -air -soil -food -skin -inside the body -on most objects

30 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm

31 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

32 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

33 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs

34 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Nucleoid a ring made up of DNA

35 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

36 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

37 Pilli 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural

38 Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci

39 Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) 3 Shapes of Bacteria
Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

40 Bacteria Sizes Sizes vary greatly
Vary by shape from 0.2 micrometers to 600 micrometers

41 Obtaining Food and Energy
Bacteria must have a way to obtain food and a way to break it down for energy Some are autotrophs-make their own food Energy from sun Energy from chemical substances in the environment 2. Some are heterotrophs-cannot make own food-consume other organisms

42 Obtaining Energy and Food
Bacteria must have a way to obtain food and a way to break it down for energy Need a constant supple of energy- comes from food being broken down (cellular respiration) Most need oxygen (aerobic) and some do not (anaerobic)

43 Reproduction of Bacteria
Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two www-raider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/.../ sv16.html

44 BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria
Bacteria dividing Completed

45 Reproduction of Bacteria
The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)

46 Binary Fission Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication
Cell wall synthesis Cell separation

47 Sexual Reproduction- conjugation
Involves 2 parents that combine their DNA to create a new organism Results in new bacteria that are genetically different from parent cells

48 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning allows the bacteria to survive for many years they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

49 Endospore-the black section in the middle
Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.

50 Bacteria Survival – Food sources
parasites – bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes – use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

51 some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans
Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria

52                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

53 Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay
Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals

54 E.coli on small intestines
                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines

55 Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage
Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

56 3 ways to control bacteria:
Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

57 Controlling Bacteria

58 Treating Bacteria Choose the type of antibacterial antibiotic that works best against the specific bacteria that has caused your infection. Doctor can help you choose the right antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics fight many types of bacteria. Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin are examples of broad spectrum antibiotics. Medium-spectrum antibiotics target a group of bacteria; penicillin and bacitracin are popular medium-spectrum antibiotics. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are made to treat one specific kind of bacteria. Polymyxins fall into this small category of antibiotics.

59 Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

60 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis larger than most bacterial cells commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water

61 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA can be toxic to humans and animals
Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

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63 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Make their own food through photosynthesis
Bigger than most bacterial cells Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams

64 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA It can be toxic to humans and animals
Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

65 EXAMPLES OF BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
take_action.htm Lake Champlain

66                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Pictures of Bacteria

67                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1

68                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A

69 Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)
                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)

70 Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)
                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)

71 Ecoli movement animation

72                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 The End

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