1. Bacteria classification and characteristics
By: Chelsea Sam and Chip 

2. Overview The two different kingdoms of bacteria Classifying bacteria
Gram staining

3. Two Kingdoms of Bacteria SV
Microorganisms are placed under two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Look similar in way of appearance and shape
Two kingdoms are chemically different  

4. Eubacteria                                    SV 
Can live almost anywhere: land, fresh water, salt water, within the human body
Surrounded by cell wall that gives shape and provides protection from injury
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)

5. Archaebacteria SV Usually live in very harsh environments
Cell walls contain pseudomurein and many lipids
DNA sequences of key genes compare more closely to those of Eukaryotes than those of eubacteria (may be ancestors of eukaryotes)

6. Venn Diagram SV Both: No nuclei Very small Contain cell walls
Eubacteria:
Can live almost anywhere
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (carbohydrate) 
Cell wall meant mainly for protection from injury and to provide shape  
Archaebacteria:
Live in harsh environments
Cell walls contain pseudomurein and lipids
DNA Sequences more similar to Eukaryotes
Both:
No nuclei
Very small
Contain cell walls

7. Classifying Prokaryotes SV
Shape: bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical-shaped), and Spirilla (spiral and cork-screw-shaped)
Cell Wall: thick, peptidoglycan cell walls and thin cell walls surrounded by an outer lipid layer
Movement: no movement, movement with flagella, and movement by snaking, lashing, or spiraling forward
Energy Obtaining: Phototrophs and Chemotrophs

8. Chelsea Three shapes of Bacteria
Cocci are round shaped, and differentiate based on division process.
Bacillus are rod-like structures, frequently occurring in chains
Spirillum have a rigid, spiral structure, often found in calmed water

9. Chelsea Bacteria Movement
Swim around using flagella 
Glide using thick coats of slime
Use rigid spikes to attach to surfaces
Use magnetic fields to determine whether they are swimming up or down

10. Chelsea Eubacteria
Cell wall: a rigid layer of carbohydrates outside of the plasma membrane of cells
Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan: made of sugars and amino acids that form the cell wall.
Ribosome: Build and synthesize protein.

11. Chelsea Eubacteria
Flagellum: a threadlike structure that allows bacteria to swim.
DNA: carrier of genetic information.
Pili: Hair-like structures found on the outside of bacteria

12. Gram Staining -Helps to differentiate large groups of bacteria
-Gram stain procedure distinguishes between gram positive and negative groups of bacteria
-Stains cells red/pink or violet based on the thickness of peptidoglycan in cell walls

13. How it's done Cells are stained with crystal violet indicator
 If indicator stains through membrane cells are stained red 
Gram positive are stained purple if indicator doesn’t stain through membrane

14. Positive Gram Staining
 means peptidoglycan layer in cell membrane is thick
bacteria is stained purple
color is unable to show through because of peptidoglycan layer
shows that bacteria cells are different 

15. Negative Gram Staining
means that peptidoglycan is thinner
indicator shows through
bacteria is stained red/pink 
helps identify bacteria that are different

16. Sam ABC's
What are the names of the Bacteria Kingdoms? A Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes B Eubacteria and Archaebacteria C Phototrophs and Autotrophs D Bacilli and Spirilla B

17. Sam ABC's
What are the following is NOT a criteria factor for classifying prokaryotes? A Movement B Cell Wall C Size D Shape C

18. B Chelsea ABC's Which one is NOT a shape of bacteria? A. Cocci
B. Square 
C. Bacillus
D. Spirillum B

19. Chelsea ABC's
When bacteria swim around, which part of the body do they use?
A. Flagella
B. Ribosome
C. Cell Wall
D. Peptidoglycan  A

20. Chip ABC's
True or false: Gram positive means that cell are stained red A. True B. False F

21. Chip ABC's
What substance is penetrated in the cell membrane when gram staining A. phospholipid bilayer B. cytoplasm C. peptidoglycan layer D. Mantle layer C

22. Overview What the two kingdoms of bacteria are
How bacteria are classified
What gram staining is