1. 2013 International Conference Life Design and Career Counseling: Building Hope and Resilience Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009) Victor E.C. Ortuño 1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes, Maria Paula Paixão 1 & Isabel N. Janeiro 2 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Portugal 3 victortuno@gmail.com // www.victortuno.netii.net FALTA? -Probar modelo de esperanza unidimensional -Diferencias entre 1º modelo y el el final. Significativas estadisticamente?

2. Future Past Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcendental- Future Present

3. Future Past Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcendental- Future

4. Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcendental- Future «Fate determines much in my life» «Familiar childhood sights, sound smells often brings back a flood of wonderful memories» «Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind»«I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time» «I believe that a persons day should be planned ahead each morning» «I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die» «I walk to nowhere, not by option but because I can´t stop

5. Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcendental- Future Self-Esteem 40% (+) (-) Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro (2013)

6. Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcendental- Future Alcohol Consumption 16% (+)(-) Ortuño (2007)

7. A cognitive set, composed by a notion of goal- directed determination (agency) and planning (pathways) Positively related with Self-Esteem, problem solving perceptions and more positive perceptions about life stimuli Negatively related with depression, hypochondria, hysteria and paranoia

8. Is not anymore a passive emotional phenomenon… …a process through which individuals actively pursue their goals. (Snyder, Feldman, Shorey & Rand, 2002, p. 299) Hopefully thinking is necessary to achieve virtually any task (Snyder, 1994)

9. Both concepts are important variables to an adaptive psychological functioning Yet, very few studies have studied the relation between this two concepts (Phan, 2009) Phan´s model used a partial measurement of Time Perspective Also, a way to confirm that Hope – as an cognitive process – is not only related with the Future but as well with the Past and the Present

11. 235 participants Psychology College students (Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal) 216 (91.9%) are female and 19 (8.1%) are male Ages between 17 and 45 years old (M = 19.38; SD = 2.86).

12. The inventory consists of 56 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points It´s composed by 5 sub-scales that explain 36% of the reported variance The sub-scales are: Past Negative (10 items), Past Positive (9 items), Present Fatalist (9 items), Present Hedonist (15 items) and Future (13 items) Items examples (original version): «Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind» «Familiar childhood sights, sounds, smells often bring back a flood of wonderful memories» «Fate determines much in my life» «I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time» «I believe that a person´s day should be planned ahead each morning» (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)

13. The inventory consists of 32 items, designed in a Likert scale of 7 points It´s composed by 4 sub-scales that explain 45% of the reported variance The sub-scales are: Past Orientation (4 items), Present Orientation (8 items), Future Orientation (16 items) and Negative Future (4 items) Items examples (translated from Portuguese): «I have many projects for the future» «I think that life should be lived one day at a time» «I walk to an empty future, not by my own choice but because I can´t stop» «I think frequently in the good things that happened to me in the past» (Janeiro, 2006, 2012)

14. The inventory consists of 10 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points It´s composed by an unique component, which explains 44.93% of the reported variance Items examples (original version): « Death is just a new beginning » « I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die » (Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997; Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro, in press)

15. The inventory consists of 12 items, designed in a Likert scale of 8 points It´s composed by 2 sub-scales that explain 63.44% of the reported variance The sub-scales are: Agency (4 items) and Pathways (4 items). The remaining 4 items are distractors Items examples (original version): «I energetically pursue my goals» «There are lots of ways around any problem» (Pais-Ribeiro, Pedro & Marques, 2006; Snyder et al., 1991)

17. A small, yet statistically significant correlation was found between participants age and AHS total score (Hope) r =.13, p <.05

18. Male Female 53.4248.48p <.01

19. Yes No 49.2846.50p <.05

20. Past Positive Past Negative Present Hedonist Present Fatalist Future Future Negative Transcend. Future Agency Pathways X 2 = 5388.03; p <.001; X 2 df = 1.87 CFI =.61; GFI =.62 RMSEA =.06, p <.05 AIC = 5772.03; MECVI = 25.50

21. Past Negative Present Hedonist Future Future Negative Agency Pathways X 2 = 596.12; p <.001; X 2 df = 1.55 CFI =.91; GFI =.86 RMSEA =.05, p >.05 AIC = 758.12; MECVI = 3.35.84***.49.64 -.20** -.11.25**.43**.66***.48*** -.22** -.29** 2 items removed 9 items removed 7 items removed 0 items removed

22. Hope Differences: Small but statistically significant differences regarding Gender: Male > Female Brothers existence: With brothers > Without brothers Age Differences: A small relation between Hope and participants age (still, a more heterogeneous sample is needed)

23. Model adjustment The final model is formed by four explicative dimensions (Past Negative, Present Hedonist, Future and Future Negative) Several of the adjustment indices are acceptable (CFI, RMSEA, X 2 df)

24. Model overview A valid model to explore its direct and indirect effects on adaptive behaviors The negative dimensions of TP were the only ones to correlate negatively with Hope Yet, Past Negative failed to achieve a significant relation with Hope subscale Agency ( λ = -.11, p >.05 )

25. Model overview Present Hedonist and Future presented a positive association with both dimensions of Hope Still, Future was the temporal dimension with the strongest association with Agency ( λ =.66, p >.001 ) and Pathways ( λ =.48, p >.001 ). Results that are expected due Future´s nature highly related with planning and goals

26. Model overview It´s proven that Hope isn´t only related with the future, since both Agency and Pathways dimensions are associated with temporal dimensions related with the past, present and future Also, the predictive value of TP is considerable regarding Agency (R 2 =.64) and Pathways (R 2 =.49)

27. Instruments ZTPI usually fails to present a strong confirmatory factor structure This is an obstacle to the analysis of ZTPI´s predictive power through more robust statistical analyses, such as structural equation modeling

28. Instruments A brief version of ZTPI must be developed, using only the items with higher factor loadings and reliabilities TFTPS failed to contribute with the predictive model, which is an unexpected result due its future oriented content

29. 2013 International Conference Life Design and Career Counseling: Building Hope and Resilience Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009) Victor E.C. Ortuño 1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes, Maria Paula Paixão 1 & Isabel N. Janeiro 2 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Portugal 3 victortuno@gmail.com