1. Bus design & safety ACCORDING TO SPECIFIC KENYAN REQUIREMENTS: LEGAL BACKGROUND (The Traffic Act & KEBS bus standard), AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGIES, ROAD CONDITIONS PROTECTOR – superior design from KVM Ltd. Guide lines for Design: Passenger safety Staff safety Traffic safety Functionality Aerodynamic Ergonomy = Comfort Never design appearance only Presented by Ralph Hruschka MSc. Inventor & Consultant at KVM Ltd.

2. PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Safety critical features 1) Roll over protection, 2) Front impact protection, 3)Side impact protection, 4) Passenger door, 5) Door hinge cover, 6) Passenger seats, 7) Seat mounting, 8) Front grille, 9) Gangway, 10) Cross members, 11) Side wall diagonals, 12) X-Members, 13) Door grab handles, 14) Uppermost stair, 15) Door locking mechanism, 16) Front bumper, 17) Rear bumper, 18)Rear overhang, 19) Rear glass / emergency exit Moto: Every feature that will save a life must be realized 2

3. Case 1: Roll over accidents PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Roof collapsed and disintegrated without safety concept 3

4. Roll over protection To reinforce the strength in between side walls and the roof Prevention of a passenger cabin collapse sideward Gussets Diagonals PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.4

5. Case 2: Front impact accidents PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. All pillars collapse forward – roof disintegrated - without safety concept 5 The roof will move

6. Front impact protection Option 1: Diagonal column to stabilize the roof thru directing the impulse force into the lower body: Column out of two strong tubes Zig-zag interconnection in between bars Correct angle from roof to column Correct angle from column into body Stabilizing column Impulse force diverted into body PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.6

7. Front impact protection Option 2: Stabilize the roof thru reinforced pillars PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Stabilized side pillars Fixed side glass Sliding side glass Roof Disadvantage: reduces size of glasses 7

8. Case 3: Side impact accidents PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Whole body bent & side wall collapsed without safety concept 8

9. Side impact protection Option 1: triangular vertical reinforcement inside legroom Side reinforcement triangular Side reinforcement triangular in legroom No reinforcement at floor mounting PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Disadvantage: disturbing in the legroom 9

10. Side impact protection Option 2 (recommended): triangular vertical reinforcement underneath floor Side reinforcement triangular underneath floor PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd. Gives structural strength against side impact and roll over 10

11. Side impact protection Option 3 (recommended): triangular reinforcement longitudinal inside floor level Side reinforcement triangular longitudinal Side bent thru impact without reinforcement View from above Cross member Impact force PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.11

12. Number of cross members Enough for strength and safety according to load class (min. 4 for 26-seater, max. 8 for 71-seater) Not more than necessary – weight and cost relevant Welding joints fist grade and verified PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.12

13. Gangway and seat arrangement Width of gangway recommended is 450 mm (Class IV, above 40 passengers) and 350 mm (Class III, 26 – 40 passengers) This requires for 3X2 seat arrangement a vehicle track width of 2250 mm or correctly curved side pillars 3 Seats = 1200 mm Track width 2250 mm 2 Seats = 800 mm Gangway 450 mm 150 mm maximum Side wall 50 mm PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.13

14. Side wall diagonal setting Structural strength against rattling, cracks and bending Prevent share force in an accident PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.14 Wrong: cutting share forceCorrect: prevent share force

15. Passenger door Dimensions according to KEBS: Minimum height 1650 mm Minimum width 650 mm above 700 mm 1 st step height maximum 460 mm above ground Function according to European Safety regulations: In case of a panic after an accident the passengers want to press outward The passenger door must swing outward otherwise it becomes a death trap PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.15 Outward swing door Outward sliding door or pantographic Death trap inward swing door

16. Door hinges Protruding hinges like at the drivers door must have a cover to protect against sharp corners Passers by on foot or passing vehicles will be cut by sharp corners Option 1: Hinge coverOption 2: Hidden hinges PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.16

17. Door grab handles Safety for passing persons and traffic Damage prevention Groove mounting PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.17 Original CKD Dangerous protrusion

18. Uppermost stair Uppermost stair not protruding into gangway PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.18 Dangerous interferenceNo interference

19. Door locking mechanism Not protruding into door aperture PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.19

20. Passenger seats safety No sharp corners No protrusions Made out of round tubes Width of seat frame 400 mm per seat PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.20

21. Seat mounting Strength increased thru short lever and additional stiffness Seat anchoring forward and sideward stronger Long lever Short lever Side mounting: additional strength Floor mounting PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.21

22. Passenger seats comfort Dimensions Seat rest height & inclination Seat base height & inclination Head rest cover PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.22 Legroom

23. Front grille Loose grille gets lost if not ALLWAYS locked and will endanger traffic Front grille must be fixed to body thru hinges PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.23

24. Front bumper Prevention of damages thru road conditions Creating sufficient air flow to radiator Access to towing hook Rounded curvature to support comfortable handling No sharp corners to prevent accidents PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.24 Original CKD bumper Formula: r (fr) +x (fr) [mm/m]

25. Rear bumper Prevention of damages thru road conditions Access to towing hook Rounded curvature to support comfortable handling No sharp corners to prevent accidents PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.25 Formula: r (re) +x (re) [mm/m]

26. Rear overhang To ensure comfortable vehicle handling (stability on the road) the rear overhang can be maximum: 60 % of wheel base measured behind rear axle to rear bumper PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.26 60% of wheel base wheel base

27. Rear glass / Emergency exit Access & size according to legal regulations Safe opening function Cost saving shape Recommended flat to save costs PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.27 Unnecessary waste of material and money – very difficult to replace

28. Functional bus design Part 2: FUNCTIONAL features 20) Hump, 21) Windscreen, 22) Number plate provision, 23) Passenger door position 24) Side glasses

29. Hump PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.29 Eddies at sharp corners increase air resistance Only small vehicles can be built like Formula 1 cars Big vehicles require specific aerodynamic shape to reduce air resistance Lower air resistance will reduce fuel consumption Front hump eliminates eddies Joint at roof bow

30. Windscreen Cost reduction – recommended laminated, two piece flat glasses Reduction of braking thru stones – high lower end Reduction of heat – low upper end PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.30

31. Number plate provision To accommodate square & long type Protection of number plate lamp – no protrusions PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.31

32. Passenger door position 1 st step height 460 mm maximum – recommended behind front axle Creating space for air duct : – Air duct is disturbing in leg room – Shortest way for air intake required – Vibration buffing in between engine and body PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.32

33. Driver door Dimensions similar to CKD Avoid additional weight and stress to the hinges PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.33

34. Comfort in bus design Part 3: ERGONOMY = COMFORT features 25) Tool box, 26) Parcel rack, 27) Leg room 28) Arm rest, 29) Rearmost seat row

35. Rearmost seat row Maximize leg room thru: - Inclination of rear body backward - Seat rest of rearmost row to fit into shape of rear body PROTECTOR-superior design from KVM Ltd.35 Side view View from above Seat rest fit into body shape Inclination of rear body backward Lost space