1. 1 A The Cosmological Argument Kalam Argument
Learning objective
To be able to analyse the Kalam form of the Cosmological Argument
Learning outcomes
Outline and explain the key points and key words
Explain the library example

2. Knowledge Check – on paper
Complete the knowledge check activity
Is the Cosmological Argument inductive or deductive?
What does a posteriori mean? 
Underline the correct definition to the key term. ‘The ability to become something else.’ Potentiality or actuality
Did Aquinas use the example of fire and water or marble and sculptor?
Write a definition of infinite regress.
Is the second way referred to as ‘Motion and Change or First Cause’?
What example can we use for the second way?
What does contingent mean?
What does necessary mean?
What example did Copleston use to support Aquinas’ third way?

3. Starter – The Cosmological Argument so far . . .
You have 30 seconds
Write down as many words connected to the Cosmological Argument you can remember
Swop your lists – count how many relevant words they found
Write brief definitions of the key words you know and then swop the lists again.
Complete the Venn Diagram on page 2

4. Kalam – in booklet 2 – page 4
An Arabic term meaning to ‘argue’ or ‘discuss’
Argues that everything that exists has a cause of its existence and this includes the universe
William Lane Craig developed a modern version of the argument

5. History of the Kalam Argument page 4
850CE – al Kindi and al Ghazali - Islamic thinkers who were influenced by Aristotle and developed the argument to explain God’s creation of the universe.
20th Century – William Lane Craig –
American Christian
The Kalam argument is cosmological because it seeks to prove that God was the first cause of the universe.

6. Summary of the Kalam Argument – page 4
Whatever comes into being must have a cause
The universe came into being
The universe must have a cause
If the universe has a cause of its existence it must be God
God exists
Supporters of this theory believe God created the universe ex nihilo
‘It is an axiom of reason that all that comes to be must have a cause that brings it about. The world has come to be. Ergo the world must have a cause to bring it about’ al Ghazali

7. The universe must be finite A finite universe had a beginning
Kalam- argues that God is the creator of the universe.
The universe must be finite
A finite universe had a beginning
Whatever begins to exist has a cause
Therefore the cause must be God

8. William Lane Craig’s example used to support the Kalam Argument
Eg, imagine an infinite set of books in a library
A part of an infinite set is equal to the whole of the infinite set, because both the part and the whole are infinite.
A count of all the even numbered books is the same as a count of all the books
This does not make sense – so the universe can not be infinite

9. Activities Read pages 4, 5 and 6 Complete tasks 1 and 2
Whatever begins to exist, has a cause of its existence
The universe began to exist
Therefore the universe has a cause of its existence
Explanation
Argument 1
Actual infinite can’t exist
Library
Argument 2 
Actual infinite can’t be formed
Write down today's date
Write down the year you were born
You can count the number of years that have passed since you were born because you have a starting point!
You can count how many years it is until your 40th birthday!

10. Craig concluded that: Task 3 – Reread page 5 and 6 and complete page 7
The history of the universe was formed by one event following on after another event – this is successive addition (birthday example)
A collection formed by successive addition cannot be actually infinite
Therefore, the universe must have had a beginning in time
The argument aims to prove God as the personal creator of the universe. As the laws of nature cannot have existed before the beginning of the universe, the universe cannot be the result of natural causes, Craig claimed -
‘if the universe began to exist, and if the universe is caused, then the cause of the universe must be a personal being who freely chooses to create the world.’
Task 3 – Reread page 5 and 6 and complete page 7

11. Can you remember what these words mean?
Valid
A posteriori
Sound
Inductive
A priori
Deductive
From or after experience or evidence
The logic is correct and the premises are true
No mistakes in logic
If the premises are true the conclusion could still be false
If the premises are true the conclusion is true
Truth value determined before/without evidence

12. Kalam knowledge test Kalam Actual Infinity Possible infinity Ex Nihilo
Derived from the Latin meaning ‘out of nothing’
An Arabic term which means to speak, argue or discuss
It refers to sets or collections of things with an infinite number of members. A part within an actually infinite set is equal to the whole set because it is infinite.
Exists if it always possible to add one more to a series of things or events.

13. Summary – pages 7 and 8 Inductive and a posteriori
William Lane Craig’s premises
Whatever comes into being must have a cause
The universe came into being
The universe must have a cause
If the universe has a cause of its existence it must be God
God exists - Supporters of this theory believe God created the universe ex nihilo
3. Rejection of an actual infinite - The library example
4. Actual infinite can’t be formed - Successive additions
5. The personal creator, the universe cannot be the result of natural causes – frozen water

14. Consolidating
WLC programme Make a note of any additional information Evaluating the argument

15. Just a MinuteTimer
Number ones will ‘volunteer’ to start to speak about the Kalam Cosmological Argument. At the first repetition, pause or mistake another takes over - and so on until the minute is up.

16. Challenges to the cosmological argument
Can you think of any challenges to the cosmological argument? Use page 9 of the Summer Preparation Work Booklet

17. Revision
Activity one - Key word bingo A posteriori Valid Natural theology Aquinas Plato Aristotle Summa Theologica Inductive Deductive Cause Mover Theistic proof Christianity Sound A priori
Activity two
Either
Choose five of the words on the list and put them together into a paragraph – that makes sense – and demonstrates your understanding of meaning Or
Choose five of the words that you are unsure about and check your notes from the last lessons and create a key word list