1. Chapter 26

2. Stiffness and Multistep Methods Chapter 26
Two areas are covered:
Stiff ODEs will be described - ODEs that have both fast and slow components to their solution.
Implicit solution technique and multistep methods will be described.

3. Stiffness
A stiff system is the one involving rapidly changing components together with slowly changing ones.
Both individual and systems of ODEs can be stiff:
If y(0)=0, the analytical solution is developed as:

4. Figure 26.1

5. The solution starts at y(0)=y0 and asymptotically approaches zero.
Insight into the step size required for stability of such a solution can be gained by examining the homogeneous part of the ODE:
The solution starts at y(0)=y0 and asymptotically approaches zero.
is the solution.

6. If Euler’s method is used to solve the problem numerically:
The stability of this formula depends on the step size h:

7. Thus, for transient part of the equation, the step size must be <2/1000=0.002 to maintain stability.
While this criterion maintains stability, an even smaller step size would be required to obtain an accurate solution.
Rather than using explicit approaches, implicit methods offer an alternative remedy.
An implicit form of Euler’s method can be developed by evaluating the derivative at a future time.

8. Backward or implicit Euler’s method
The approach is called unconditionally stable. Regardless of the step size:

9. Figure 26.2

10. Figure 26.3

11. Multistep Methods The Non-Self-Starting Heun Method/
Huen method uses Euler’s method as a predictor and trapezoidal rule as a corrector.
Predictor is the weak link in the method because it has the greatest error, O(h2).
One way to improve Heun’s method is to develop a predictor that has a local error of O(h3).

12. Figure 26.4

13. Step-Size Control/ Constant Step Size. Variable Step Size.
A value for h must be chosen prior to computation.
It must be small enough to yield a sufficiently small truncation error.
It should also be as large as possible to minimize run time cost and round-off error.
Variable Step Size.
If the corrector error is greater than some specified error, the step size is decreased.
A step size is chosen so that the convergence criterion of the corrector is satisfied in two iterations.
A more efficient strategy is to increase and decrease by doubling and halving the step size.

14. Figure 26.6

15. Integration Formulas/ Newton-Cotes Formulas. Open Formulas.
Closed Formulas.
fn(x) is an nth order interpolating polynomial.

16. Adams Formulas (Adams-Bashforth). Open Formulas.
The Adams formulas can be derived in a variety of ways. One way is to write a forward Taylor series expansion around xi. A second order open Adams formula:
Closed Formulas.
A backward Taylor series around xi+1 can be written:
Listed in Table 26.2

17. Figures 26.7

18. Figure 26.8

19. Figure 26.9

20. Higher-Order multistep Methods/ Milne’s Method.
Uses the three point Newton-Cotes open formula as a predictor and three point Newton-Cotes closed formula as a corrector.
Fourth-Order Adams Method.
Based on the Adams integration formulas. Uses the fourth-order Adams-Bashforth formula as the predictor and fourth-order Adams-Moulton formula as the corrector.