1. 269111 – Communication Technology in a Changing World
Dr. Ken Cosh
Week 15

2. Last Week Reliability Security How do we make ICT more reliable?
What are the threats?
How can we counter the threats?

3. This Week
Ethics

4. Ethical & Social Impact
Ethical issues in the areas of crime, privacy, individuality, employment, health and working conditions.
Impacts can be positive, negative or both;
Computerising a manufacturing process has lead to people losing jobs, while improving the working conditions of those left and producing higher quality product and less cost.

5. Managing Ethically Should you monitor employees email?
Should employees use work computers for private purposes?
Should they take copies of software home?
Should you keep electronic copies of employee’s personal records?
Should you sell your customers information?

6. Management’s Ethical Challenges
Employment
The introduction of IS/IT has created many new jobs, while at the same time eliminating some – how do we ethically introduce job cutting systems?
Computer Monitoring
How can we weigh up our employees right to privacy against the desire to monitor computer usage (as a way of managing employees work)?

7. Management’s Ethical Challenges
Working Conditions
While IS/IT has removed many repetitive, monotonous tasks, often the human role has changed from one of a craftsman to one of a machine regulating a machine
Individuality
Many IS/IT remove the individual treatment of people by imposing strict, uncustomisable procedures. Rather than dealing with customers individually, we are constrained by the capabilities of the system.

8. Business Ethics Stockholder Theory Social Contract Theory
Managers are agents of the stockholders, with the ethical responsibility to them to increase profits without breaking the law
Social Contract Theory
Companies have an ethical responsibility to all members of society.
Stakeholder Theory
Managers should manage for the benefit of all stakeholders; shareholders, customers, suppliers, local community, employees etc.

9. Unauthorised Use at Work
Time and Resource Theft (Cyberslacking)
Often monitored by sniffing software.
Includes;
General abuse (spamming, chain letters, spoofing, virus spreading, harrassment, defamatory statements)
Unauthorised Usage and Access (Sharing passwords and network access)
Copyright Infringement / Plagiarism (illegal or pirate software, copying websites or logos)

10. Unauthorised Use at Work
Transmission of Confidential Data (Sharing company secrets)
Pornography (Accessing inappropriate websites on work resources)
Hacking
Non-work-related bandwidth use (sharing movies, music etc.)
Leisure use (online shopping, chatting, gambling)
Usage of External ISPs (avoiding detection by using external ISP)
Moonlighting (using company resources for personal business).

11. Privacy
A basic human right is the right to privacy, but this right is brought into question by Technology.
Accessing individuals private conversations and computer records is a violation of privacy
Monitoring peoples whereabouts through CCTV, computer monitoring, Mobile GPS.
Computer matching of customer information gained from different sources.
Collecting telephone number / addresses etc. to build customer profiles

12. Anonymity The internet allows almost anonymity
In reality much of it is very visible and open to privacy violations.
But precautions can be taken to protect privacy, such as encryption, authentication etc.

13. Freedom of Speech / Information
Freedom of speech (information and the press), is another important human right.
Do people have a right to know about matters that others may wish to keep private?
With modern communication systems, sharing opinions (using ones right to free speech) becomes easier;
Flaming
Spamming

14. Facebook…
So who has read Facebook’s Privacy Policy?