1. Imperialism (1800- early 1900s)
The motives and methods

2. Imperialism
When one country or people takes over the political, economic, and social life of another.

3. In the mid-1800s, Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.
–  Its factories produced more goods than those of any other country.
–  The British Navy guarded the oceans so that those goods could be shipped safely to ports around the globe.
–  British banks loaned the money needed to build factories, mines, and railroads worldwide.
•  By the late 1800s, however, Germany and the United States were challenging Britain’s economic leadership.
•  Faced with possible decline, Britain looked increasingly to its colonies for markets to purchase their items and raw materials to keep their production going.

4. Others seeking to build empires
Other countries followed Britain’s lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well- being and survival.
–  The French and Dutch expanded their holdings and by 1900 France had a world-wide empire second in size only to Britain’s.
–  Spain and Portugal attempted to build new empires in Africa.
–  Austria-Hungary moved into the Balkans.
–  Russia expanded into the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia.
•  Countries that had no colonies set out to acquire them.
–  Belgium, Italy, and Germany all took over lands in Africa (with Germany also taking an interest in East Asia & the Pacific islands).
–  The United States began having more of an interest in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific islands.
–  Japan entered East Asia looking for new colonies as well.

5. Motives for Imperialism
WHY did the industrialized countries conquer others?

6. Economic Motive = $$$
Natural resources
Cheap labor
Investment opportunities

7. •  The biggest raw materials that were needed were rubber (South America and Africa), tin (Southeast Asia), copper (central Africa), and oil (southwest Asia and the Middle East).
•  European merchants often established trading posts and warehouses, created transportation infrastructure, and sought control over strategic points in the world, such as the Suez Canal in Egypt (which allows boats to cut thousands of miles of travel time between Asia and Europe) and the Panama Canal (cuts thousands of miles of travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans).

8. Political Motive = Power
Intimidate rivals
Prestige
Military victories are seen as “heroic”

9. From 1800 to 1900, a new political concept emerged – the idea of a nation. Before this idea people were united by families, clans, cities, regions, or religious faiths.
•  Now people were united by being apart of a nation. People of a nation considered themselves a distinctive people born into a community that speak a common language, observe common customs and traditions, hold common values, and have shared historical experiences.
•  Increasingly, Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of how strong their nation was.
•  Thus, the goal became having the biggest and best empire in the world to show other nations how strong and prosperous they were.

10. Ideological Motive =
“White Man’s Burden” to “civilize” others (i.e. non-Europeans)
“Social Darwinism”

11. Novels and poetry also glorified Imperialism and empowered readers to support the policies of their government.
–  The most popular writer of the day was Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ).
–  Kipling appealed not only to his readers’ sense of adventure but also to their feelings of superiority.
–  He saw imperialism as a mission to “civilize non-Europeans” and urged his readers to take up the “White Man’s Burden”

12. “Social Darwinism”
Charles Darwin hypothesized that animals naturally “evolve” to survive in new environments - those who don’t go “extinct.”
Herbert Spencer hypothesized that the same was true of the people and races, leading to a “survival of the fittest” to avoid extinction.
Social Darwinism = Belief that because whites were the most technologically advanced (i.e. Industrial Revolution), imperialism was natural and justified.

13. Darwinism
Racism
Social Darwinism

14. Following the Industrial Revolution, Europeans regarded their new technology (weaponry, telegraphs, railroads etc.) as proof they were better than other peoples.
 Europeans viewed people and other parts of the world like Africa and Southeast Asia as hopelessly behind the times in need of their help to modernize.
•  Europeans believed that they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries.
•  Progress wasn’t just economic, but Europeans wanted to extend and implement their ideas on political power, property ownership, labor and capitalism.

15. Christianize the “savages”
Religious Motive =
Christianize the “savages”

16. Some of this push for expansion of the European way of life came from missionaries.
–  One of the most famous of these missionaries was David Livingstone, a minister from Scotland who went to Africa to preach the Gospel and helped to end the slave trade there.
–  Most missionaries were against imperialism yet were apart of the problem too.
–  Missionaries often built settlements abroad that served as meeting places and trading centers for European manufactured goods.
–  Missionaries often times provided European officials with information about local people and helped maintain control of them .

17. Exploratory Motive = ??? Adventure / discovery
Scientific, medical and economic research

18. In the late 1800s, Europeans and Americans were eager to read about adventures in distant places.
• Newspapers competed for leadership by hiring reporters to search the globe for stories of adventurers and merchants seeing things unknown to man and science or becoming fabulously wealthy.

19. Methods of Imperialism
HOW did the industrialized countries conquer others?

20. Method – Power Sources
Machines are faster and stronger
> Instant communication
> Machine guns

21. Method – Manufacturing
Mass production in factories
> More weapons & supplies
> Stronger military

22. Method – Faster Transportation
Troops and supplies move quicker
> In and out of fights faster
> Ability to project power farther

23. Method – Scientific Medicine
Understanding of bacteria, vaccines, viruses and the human body
> Resistance to diseases
> Recovery from injuries

24. Method – Agricultural Practices
More food produced
> Better nutrition and health
> Larger populations and armies

25. Imperialism is AKA
Colonization = when any one or more groups of people populate an area. The term is derived from Latin – colere - “to inhabit”

26. MPIRE Materials (economic) Pride in self, Pride in nation Ideology
Religion
Empowerment (exploratory)

27. Forms of Imperialism 1. Colony 2. Protectorate 3. Sphere of Influence
4. Economic Imperialism

28. COLONY
Definition: A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power.

29. PROTECTORATE
Definition: A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
EX: Puerto Rico

30. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
Definition: An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.
EX: Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States

31. ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM
Definition: An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
EX: The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

32. Imperial Management Methods
Indirect Control
Direct Control

33. INDIRECT CONTROL Local government officials used Limited self-rule
Goal: to develop future leaders
Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules.
EX: Napoleon

34. DIRECT CONTROL Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule
Goal: assimilation
Government institutions are based only on European styles.