1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA I. An Overview of Animals A. All are multicellular
B. Do not have a cell wall and do not contain cholorophyll
C. eukaryotic cells
D. ALL animals are heterotrophic
E. Capable of movement at some point in their lives. Helps with:
1. obtaining food
2. protection
3. Finding habitat
4. reproduction

2. G. Classified according to: 1. structural similarities
F. Special cells that can form tissues, organs, and systems
G. Classified according to:
1. structural similarities
2. Evolutionary relationships
3. Body Plans
a. Asymmetrical : do not have a certain shape; ex: sponge
b. Radial Symmetry: body arranged around a central point;
ex: sea star, pizza
c. Bilateral symmetry: divide the animal into two equal halves:
ex: all vertebrates

5. NINE PHYLA OF ANIMALS: 1. Porifera: ex: sponges
2. Cnidaria: ex: jellyfish
3. Platyhelminthes: flatworms ex: tapeworms
4. Nematoda: roundworms ex: hookworms
5. Mollusca: ex: octopus, clams
6. Annelida: segmented worms ex: earthworms
7. Arthropoda: Ex: arachnids, crustaceans
8. Echinodermata: ex: sea stars
9. Chordata: vertebrates ex: fish, reptiles, mammals

7. INVERTEBRATES A. 95% of species in Kingdom Animalia are invertebrates
B. Do not have a vertebral column
C. Phylum Porifera
1. Ex: sponges
2. Simplest animals
3. Grow in the ocean
4. Porifera means “pore bearing” (sponges have lots of pores)
5. Do not have tissues, organs, or systems just specialized cells
6. Are attached to rocks at some point in the life cycle
7 Obtain nutrients and oxygen form pulling water in through pores
8. Waste products leave the sponge through the top of the sponge
9. radial symmetry

9. PHYLUM CNIDARIA: 1. Ex: Jellyfish, Sea Anemone
2. All are heterotrophic (eat other animals)
3. Live in water
4. Radial symmetry
5. The mouth is in the middle of tentacles because the tentacles contain cnidocytes
a. sensitive to touch
b. contain a tiny coiled stinger called a nematocyst that shoots out chemicals
c. each cnidocyte has hundreds of nematocysts
d. Once the food is paralyzed the jellyfish’s tentacles bring it to its mouth
6. Body Forms
a. Polyp : tentacles pointed up (sea anemone)
b. Medusa : tentacles pointed down (jellyfish

11. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:
1. Ex: flatworms like planarians and tapeworms
2. very flat bodies made of three layers
3. bilateral symmetry
4. some free-living and some parasitic
5. simple nervous system, no circulatory or respiratory systems
6. longest ever found in a human was 100 ft long
7. eyespot that can detect light and a group of nerve cells in the head that control the nervous system
8. have the ability to regenerate (grow back)

13. PHYLUM NEMATODA
1. Ex: heartworms, hookworms, pinworms
2. roundworms and pointed at each end
3. many are parasitic, some free living
4. complete digestive system with two openings (one for food and one for wastes)
5. live everywhere (soil, body, water)
6. simple nervous systems and muscles that run the length of their bodies
7. complex life cycles involving many hosts

15. PHYLUM ANNELIDA 1. Ex: earthworms and leeches
2. annelid means segments or tiny rings (their body has rings around it)
3. bilateral symmetry
4. most developed worm: well developed nervous system and excretory systems
5. can be filter feeds (filter nutrients out of water); decomposers, carnivores
6. earthworms
a. eat soil and get nutrients form small organisms in the soil and from dead and decaying organic matter
b. improve quality of the soil
7. Leeches
a. Used in medicine
b. Saliva contains chemicals that keeps the blood from clotting so they can keep sucking blood until they consume five times their weight

17. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA 1. All have soft bodies and a muscular foot
2. Gastropods
a. Ex: Snail, slug
b. gastropods means stomach foot (gastro=stomach) (pod=foot)
c. may or may not a shell
d. leave a slimy trial
e. eat food using a radula (tongue with teeth)

19. 3. Bivalve
a. Ex: Clams and oysters
b. Contain two shells
c. foot used to move or dig down into the sand
d. filter feeders getting food and oxygen from water that is pulled through its shell

20. 4. cephlapods
a. Ex: Octopus and squids
b. Cephlapod means head foot (cephlo=head) (pod=foot)
c. foot is divided into tentacles and no body
d. well developed brains
e. may have no shells or may have an internal shell
f. some can change shape or color and mimic their surroundings others can squirt ink to escape a predator

23. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
1. Ex: sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
2. Echinoderm means spiny skin
3. have an internal skeleton with spiny calcium plates and a thin layer of skin covering them
4. radial symmetry
5. have a water vascular system
a. allows water to move through the echinoderms body to its hundreds of tube feet
b. tube feet are like suction cups and allow echinoderms to get food and move
c. water vascular systems help in respiration and circulation
6. poor nervous system
7. reproduce by external fertilization
8. able to regenerate

25. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
1. Segmented bodies with exoskeletons and jointed appendages (legs, claws, antennae)
2. exoskeleton made of chitin to protect the body; disadvantage is that to grow it must molt or shed its exoskeleton; until the exoskeleton hardens they are vulnerable to prey
3. Most numerous phylum
4. Class Crustacean
a. ex: lobsters, crabs, crawfish, shrimp, barnacles
b. aquatic
c. two pairs of antennae
d. chewing mouthparts called mandibles
e segments
f. some have large front claws called chelipeds for catching food (crawfish) some have swimmerets that move them backwards quickly (blue crab)
g. four pairs of walking legs

27. 5. Class Arachnids
a. Ex: spiders, ticks, scorpions
b. spiders can chew their food; they inject a chemical that liquefies their prey so they can drink it
c. scorpions claws are really modified mouthparts
i. contain a stinger filled with venom
ii. can chew their food
6. Millipeds and centipedes
a. millipedes 2 pairs of legs per body segment; feed on decaying plant matter; move slowly
b. centipedes 1 pair of legs per body segment; carnivorous; move quickly

29. 7. Class Insects a. Most numerous of the arthropods b
7. Class Insects a. Most numerous of the arthropods b. body that has 3 body parts c. 3 pairs of legs d. some have large hind legs allowing them to jump far; toher have specialized mouthpart for biting, chewing, piercing, or sponging; some have no mouthparts e. many are colorful f. other live in groups or complex societies and benefit in three ways i. obtaining and finding food ii. defense iii. building a habitat

31. g. all go through metamorphosis: a series of changes that occur as they develop from an egg to an adult
i. complete metamorphosis has 4 distinct phases:
egg,larva, pupa, and adult
Ex: butterfly
ii. incomplete metamorphosis: has 3 stages:
egg, nymph, adult
Ex: grasshopper