1. Cellular Respiration
Chapter 6

2. Types of Energy?????

3. Energy - *potential energy = stored kinetic energy = being used
*forms: light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical, sound
*potential energy = stored
kinetic energy = being used
*can be transformed from one type to another –
-battery - chemical to electrical
-roll downhill - potential to kinetic
-flip light switch –mechanical to electrical to light & heat
*it is the ability to do work!

5. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O (energy)
A cellular process that releases energy from glucose (or other organic molecules) to produce energy (ATP).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O (energy)
glucose
ATP

6. What respires?

7. Plants and Animals/all living organisms

8. Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Matrix
Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

9. ATP & ADP

10. ATP & ADP

11. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Transfer of one or more electrons and/or energy from one compound to another.
Two parts:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction

12. Oxidation Reaction
The loss of electrons or energy from a compound.

13. Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons or energy to a compound.

14. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reactions where 1 substance loses electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen and another substance gains electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen O I L R G
Oxidation reaction: loss of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen
Reduction reaction: gain of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen

15. Aerobic Respiration Pathway
-lots of chemical reactions –controlled by enzymes
Important patterns:
*energy released –> captured by ADP to make ATP
*energized H released ->captured by NAD to make NADH & H+ or captured by FAD to make FADH2
NAD is like catcher’s mitt– catches fastball/high energy H
FAD is like fielder’s mitt – catches slower ball/lower energy H
*when C atom is lost, it is released as CO2

16. Aerobic Respiration
Respiration in the presence of free oxygen, resulting in the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water as well as the release of a net of 36 ATP’s.

17. contains energy (potential) in chemical bonds
Potato chip = fuel!!!
contains energy (potential) in chemical bonds
Burn chip – releases energy in form of light/heat
can use that energy to do work
For our bodies to do work (life processes), can’t use
energy in form of heat/light …
living things need energy in form of ATP
ATP is the ultimate form of energy for living things!
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Gain
Energized
phosphate
lose
Energized
phosphate

18. Aerobic Respiratory Pathway
Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of glucose)
a. cytoplasm, just outside of
mitochondria.
2. Pyruvic Acid breakdown
a. migration from cytoplasm to

19. Aerobic Respiratory Pathway
3. Krebs Cycle a. mitochondria 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) a. mitochondria

20. 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.
Two phases:
A. Energy investment phase
a. 2 ATP activation energy
B. Energy yielding phase
a. 4 ATP produced

21. 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C
Glucose (6C)
(2 - 3C)
2 ATP used
0 ATP produced
0 NADH & H+ - produced
2ATP
2ADP+ P 2

22. 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase p-C-C-C C-C-C-p C-C-C C-C-C
PGAL
(PYR)
(2 - 3C)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
or Pyruvic Acid (PYR)
0 ATP used
4 ATP produced
2 NADH & H+ - produced
4ATP
4ADP+4 P

23. 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate)
2 – ATP (Stored Chemical Energy)
(4 ATP produced-2 used as
Activation Energy)
2 – NADH & H+

24. Glycolysis

25. Glycolysis

26. 2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
Cytoplasm C
2 Pyruvic
2 CO2
2 Acetyl CoA
C-C
2NADH & H+
2 NAD+
Matrix

27. 2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
End Products:
2 – NADH2
2 - CO2 (Released as waste)
2 - Acetyl CoA (2C)
*Enters Kreb Cycle

28. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown (PAB)

29. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown

30. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Location: mitochondria
Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citric acid (6C).
It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
Mitochondrial
Matrix

31. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH & H+
FAD
FADH2
ATP
ADP + P
(one turn)
OAA (4C)
Citric acid (6C)
2 CO2

32. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH & H+
2 FAD
2 FADH2
2 ATP
2 ADP+2 P
(two turns)
OAA (4C)
Citrate (6C)
4 CO2

33. Krebs
Cycle

34. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)
ATP
2. 6 – NADH & H+
FADH2
CO2

35. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Location: mitochondria.
Uses ETC and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane.
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane

36. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Inner
membrane space
Matrix
Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

37. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
All NADH & H+ and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration.
Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+).

38. 4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for NADH
ATP
Synthase
1H+
2H+
3H+
higher H+
concentration H+
ADP +
lower H+
(Proton (H+) Pumping) P E T C
NAD+
2H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
H ion gradient to gen atp

39. 4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for FADH2
ATP
Synthase
1H+
2H+
higher H+
concentration H+
ADP +
lower H+
(Proton (H+) Pumping) P E T C
FAD+
2H+ +
1/2O2
H2O
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane

40. Electron Transport Chain NADH – NAD (recycled) ½ O2 + 2H+
2 e’s instead of H +H

41. TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - Phosphorylation ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATP

42. Eukaryotes (Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid breakdown phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL

43. Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP ATP 6ATP 18ATP ATP ATP
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
6NADH
Krebs
Cycle
2FADH2
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondria
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

44. Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid breakdown phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL

45. Question: In addition to glucose, what other
food molecules are used in Cellular Respiration?

46. Catabolism of Various Food Molecules
Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids

47. Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in cytoplasm when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic).
Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation.
Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

48. Alcohol Fermentation Plants and Fungi  beer and wine 2ATP C P 2NADH C
glucose
Glycolysis C
C C
2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP
2ADP
+ 2
2NADH P
2 NAD+ C
2 Ethanol
2CO2
released
2NADH
2 NAD+

49. Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s

50. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
Glucose
Glycolysis C
2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP
2ADP
+ 2
2NADH & H+ P
2 NAD+
C C
2 Lactic
acid
2NADH & H+
2 NAD+ C

51. Lactic Acid Fermentation
End Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids

52. THE
END!!