1. Memory
Gateway to Learning

2. Introduction What is memory? Positive and Negative Memory
What is learning?
Importance:Reward and punishment
Role of hippocampus
Survival
Areas for storage:
spinal cord reflexes
Higher centers

3. Neural basis of memory
Strength of synapse
Consolidation
Condification

4. Stages of memory
Encoding-information for each memory is assembled from the different sensory systems and translated into whatever form necessary to be remembered. This is presumably the domain of the association cortices .
Consolidation-
Storage-
Retrieval-

5. There is more than we can tell…
How many stripes did you see on the cat?

7. Mechanism of presynaptic facilitation underlying behavioral sensitization
Serotonin is released by modulatory interneuron and binds to GPCR
neuro4e-fig r.jpg

8. Classification
Short term (working memory)
Intermediate term
Long term

11. Mechanism of long-term synaptic enhancement
neuro4e-fig r.jpg

12. Number of Neurons and Their Connectivities Often Change Significantly During Learning
Learning” is achieved in adult human beings and animals by modification of numbers of neurons in the memory circuits
Use it or lose it!

14. Many Structures are Involved in Memory

15. Implicit memory Procedural memory Priming
skills and habits, which, once acquired, become unconscious and automatic.
Priming
is facilitation of recognition of words or objects by prior exposure to them. An example is improved recall of a word when presented with the first few letters of it.

16. Implicit memory In nonassociative learning, In associative learning,
the organism learns about a single stimulus.
In associative learning,
the organism learns about the relation of one stimulus to another.

17. Working Memory Attention Working or Sensory Short-term Memory Input
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; attention; working memory; short-term memory

18. Hippocampus Maintenance Rehearsal Encoding Attention Working or
Long-term
memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; long-term memory; attention; encoding; maintenance rehearsal; retrieval
Note: The Hockenbury text refers to this as the stage model of memory

20. Implicit Memory
Does not require conscious awareness

21. Amnesia - Loss of Memory
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for the time period before a trauma
typically is gradational from essentially complete loss just before trauma to less and less complete loss earlier and earlier before trauma
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories

22. Causes of Amnesia Causes Transient amnesia
concussion, chronic alcoholism, encephalitis, brain tumor, stroke
Transient amnesia
Probably caused by interruptions in cerebral blood flow
Blows to head, physical stress, drugs

23. Bilateral removal of the hippocampus
Studied patients with surgical interventions to treat epilepsy
Bilateral removal of the hippocampus and neighboring regions of the temporal lobe
Most famous case was “H.M.”

24. The Diencephalon
Three regions have been implicated in memory processing:
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
Mammillary bodies in hypothalamus
The thalamus & mammillary bodies receive nerve fibers from the medial temporal lobe

25. Effects of lesion Lesion in dorsomedial thalamus:
Cognitive ability normal but memory impaired
Caused moderate retrograde amnesia and profound anterograde amnesia
Short term memory and preservation of old memories was intact.
Suggests that both the temporal lobe and parts of the thalamus may be involved in the formation of long-term declarative memories.

26. Neocortex and Working Memory
Humans have much more prefrontal cortex than any other animals
Pathways:
Medial temporal lobe >> hypothalamus >> anterior nucleus of thalamus >> cingulate cortex
Medial temporal lobe >> dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus >> frontal cortex
Experiments suggest that frontal cortex is involved with working memory for problem solving and planning of behavior