1. Population
Geography
NGHS APHG

2. Population Geography
Elements of Population Geography (focuses on spatial aspects of demography)
Demography (study of population)
Population Distribution
Population Density
Arithmetic Population Density
Physiologic Density
Rate of Natural Increase (the excess of births of deaths – omitting migration)
Growth Rate (Natural increase + Net Migration)

3. Population Terms Demography - the study of population characteristics
Overpopulation- when the available resources cannot support the number of people
Density - How many? The total number of people

4. Demography
The study of human populations, particularly the size, distribution, and characteristics of members of population groups.

5. Distribution and Density

6. Population Growth 0 AD 250 Million People 1803 AD 1 Billion People

8. The World and the Top 10 World 6,602,224,175 TODAY China 1,321,851,888
India 1,129,866,154
United States 301,139,947
Indonesia 234,693,997
Brazil 190,010,647
Pakistan 164,741,924
Bangladesh 150,448,339
Russia 141,377,752
Nigeria 138,898,084
Japan 127,690,000

9. Population Distribution –
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Dot Map of World Population –
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

10. Cartogram
Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.

11. World Population Clusters
Two-thirds of the world’s population are concentrated in four regions:
1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)
- ¼ of world population here
2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
- bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan
3. Europe
- population is concentrated in cities
4. North America
- megalopolis

13. Ecumene
The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Increased over time
¾ of world population lives on only 5% of the Earth’s surface

14. Population Distribution
Densely populated regions
Low lands
Fertile soil
Temperate climate
Sparsely Populated Regions
dry lands
wet lands
high lands
cold lands

15. Density
Arithmetic Density
Physiological Density
Agricultural Density

16. Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.

17. Arithmetic Density: The total number of people / area of land measured in km² or mi²

18. Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

19. Physiological Density: The number of people per
Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

20. Physiological Density: The number of people per
Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

21. Physiologic Population Density
Arithmetic Density= 192/ sq.mi.
Physiological Density= ,682 /sq. mi.
Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley.
Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

22. Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

23. Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

24. Population Characteristics

25. World Population Growth
Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)

27. Population Characteristics
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Doubling Time
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

28. Population Characteristics
Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate = Births in a year
1000 people

29. Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

30. Population Characteristics
Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate = Deaths in a year
1000 people

31. Crude Death Rate : The total number
Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

32. Population Characteristics
Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
not including migration
usually measured in percentages (out of 100)
Rate of Natural Increase = Natural Increase
Population
x 100

33. Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a
population in a year, computed as the crude birth
rate minus the crude death rate.

34. Natural Increase USA Population RNI Nepal's Population RNI
0.6%
Nepal's Population RNI
2.4%
What do these numbers imply?

35. Population Characteristics
Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

37. Population Characteristics
Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Infant Mortality Rate: annual number of deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births
IMR = Infant(less than 1 year) deaths
1000 live births

38. Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of. deaths of
Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.

39. Population Characteristics
Life Expectancy : The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Life Expectancy at Birth in 2003
Men Women US
Japan
Nepal
Kenya
France

40. Life Expectancy : The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

42. A Population Bomb? Thomas Malthus (1766-1834, England)
--Felt population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly
--Believed people needed to practice
”moral restraint” to lower CBR or
disaster to increase CDR in order to
solve population problem

44. Neo-Malthusians Two recent issues that invigorate Malthus thought:
1. many countries experiencing population growth due to transfer of medical technology
2. new population “stripping” world of resources
Ehrlich (1960s)
warned of a population bomb in 1970s and 1980s because the world’s population was outpacing food production.
No bomb, no starving! Could there still be something learned from Ehhrlich’s thoughts?

45. Critics of Malthus Resources are not fixed: possibilism and technology
Lack o food have to do with distribution of wealth rather than insufficient food
Population growth can stimulate economic growth
More people=more consumers, more creativity

46. Demographic Transition

47. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Demographic Transition - the change in population characteristics of a country to reflect medical technology or economic and social development.

48. Demographic Transition - Stage 1
High Birth Rate
Agricultural society
High Death Rate
Epidemics and plagues
Famine
War
Low Natural Increase Rate
Stationary population growth

49. Demographic Transition - Stage 1
Today, no country in the world is in Stage 1.

50. Demographic Transition - Stage 2
High Birth Rate
Declining Death Rate
Industrial Revolution:
agricultural improvements
medical advancements
High Natural Increase Rate
High expanding population growth

51. Demographic Transition - Stage 2
Europe and North America entered Stage 2 in the 1800s
Africa, Asia and Latin America entered into Stage 2 in the early to mid 1900s
European colonization brought medical advancements
Current Examples: Afghanistan, Many Sub-Saharan African countries

52. Demographic Transition - Stage 3
Declining Birth Rate
Urbanization
Wealth
Education
Contraceptives
Low Death Rate
Low Natural Increase Rate
Slow expanding population growth

53. Demographic Transition - Stage 3
Europe and North America entered Stage 3 in first half of 1900s
Many countries in Latin America and Asia entered Stage 3 in the second half of the 1900s
Current Examples: Mexico, Panama, South Africa

54. Demographic Transition - Stage 4
Low Birth Rate
Low TFR
Women highly involved in education and workforce
Low Death Rate
Low to no Natural Increase Rate
Stationary Population Growth
This stage reflects a highly industrialized, educated society.

56. Demographic Transition - Stage 4
Current Examples:
Many European countries (Italy, France)
United States
Japan

57. Stage 5?

58. Demographic Transition Model
Draw it!
Stages: 1-5 and growth
CBR
CDR
NIR
Total Population

59. Population Pyramids

60. Dependency Ratio
The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

61. Dependency Ratio 0-14 = Dependents 15-64 = Workers 64+ = Dependents
DR = Number of Dependents (0-15 and 65+)
Number of Working-age (16-64)
X 100

62. Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country - dependency age is 0-15

63. Sex Ratio Sex Ratio: number of males per hundred females
In general more males are born than females
Males have higher death rates
Examples:
Europe and North America = 95:100
Rest of World = 102:100

64. Sex Ratio – Developing Countries
Have large % of young people –where males generally outnumber females
Lower % of older people – where females are typically more numerous
High immigration = more males

65. Population Pyramids
A country’s stage in Demographic Transition gives it a distinctive population structure
Also called
Age-Sex Pyramids

66. Population Pyramid Population composition on graph:
Males = left side of the vertical axis
Females = right side of the vertical axis
Age = order sequentially with youngest
at the bottom and oldest at the top
(usually by five-year cohorts)

67. Rapid Growth A country in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model
Large number of young people and a smaller older population

68. Slow Growth A country in stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model
Large number of “older people”
Smaller % of young people

69. No Growth End of stage 4, entering Stage 5
Large number of “older people”
Very small % of young people

70. What stage goes with each pyramid?
Developing Relatively Developed Developed
(poor) (rich)
What stage goes with each pyramid?

73. National Scale

74. Population Control

75. Epidemiological Transition Model
Stage 1
Epidemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases, famine
Ex: Black Plague
Stage 2
Receding Pandemics
Ex: Cholera

76. Epidemiological Transition Model
Stage 3
Degenerative and human-created disease
Ex: Cardiovascular disease and Cancer
Stage 4
Delayed degenerative diseases
Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes
Stage 5?
Reemerging infectious and
parasitic disease
Ex: Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS

77. AIDS/HIV+ 2001world distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa
28 million in Sub-Saharan Africa
7 million in Asia (India, China, SE Asia)
2 million in Latin America (Caribbean-Haiti)
Sub-Saharan Africa
70% of HIV cases
Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia,
South Africa
Increase death rates
Declining life expectancy

78. Expansive Population Policies
Communist Societies
Soviet Union
China – Mao Zedong
European countries: NOW
Tax incentives
Sweden
Cash payments, tax incentives, job leave, work hour flexibility lasting up to 8 years after birth
Short baby boom, but led to issues

79. Eugenic Population Policies
Favoring one racial or cultural sector of the population over the others
Tax discrimination, allocation of resources, favoritism
Examples
Nazi Germany
Japan?
USA?

80. Restrictive Population Policies
Reducing the rate of natural increase through a range of means
China: “One-child” policy: Income bonuses, Better health care benefits, Better retirement pensions, Priority in housing

81. Solutions to Population Growth
Empowerment of Women
$ for contraception & education
Changing cultural norms to value girls
Diffusion of Birth Control Policies
Educating men
w/ responsibility
for birth control
Sterilization

82. Solutions to Population Growth
Addressing traditional religious values that may encourage gender preference and large families
Redistribution of wealth - improve standard of living for poor so that children aren’t as necessary
Improving farming techniques in poor areas
Starvation, Malnourishment

83. Solutions to Population Growth
Medical technology –
costs of maintaining
vulnerable populations
(old & young)
Addressing government policies to deal with their growing populations

84. Something to think about…
Is population control funded by MDCs ethical in LDCs?
Population control v. culture
Birth control?
Sterilization?
Abortion?
Sex determination?
Incentives: Money, food, clothing?
Is population control funded by MDCs needed to keep mass amounts of people in the LDCs out of poverty?