1. Figure: 20-01
Title:
Poison hemlock
Caption:
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), the plant from which the hemlock taken by Socrates was probably prepared from the unripe but full-grown fruit of this plant. The principal alkaloid in poison hemlock is coniine.
Notes:
Keywords:
hemlock, poison, plant, coniine

2. Figure: un
Title:
The hydrolysis of amides
Caption:
Strong acids and bases catalyze the hydrolysis of amides, including proteins.
Notes:
Keywords:
acid, base, amide, hydrolysis, protein

3. Figure: un
Title:
Oxidation of cysteine
Caption:
Cysteine is readily oxidized by ozone to cysteic acid.
Notes:
Keywords:
cysteine, oxidation, ozone, cysteic acid

4. Figure: un
Title:
Oxidation of methionine
Caption:
Methionine is oxidized by ozone to methionine sulfoxide.
Notes:
Keywords:
methionine, oxidation, ozone, methionine sulfoxide

5. Figure: un
Title:
Oxidation of tryptophan
Caption:
Tryptophan is oxidized by ozone which undergoes a ring-opening at the double bond.
Notes:
Keywords:
tryptophan, oxidation, ring-opening, double bond

6. Figure: un
Title:
Caption:
Microorganisms in the digestive tract reduce nitrates to nitrites. Nitrite ions oxidize iron in hemoglobin to form methemoglobin which is incapable of carrying oxygen.
Notes:
Keywords:
nitrate, nitrite, hemoglobin, methemoglobin, oxygen, reduce, oxidize

7. Figure: un
Title:
Antidote for cyanide poisoning
Caption:
Thiosulfate ions transfer sulfur atoms to the cyanide ions, converting them to the harmless thiocyanate ions.
Notes:
Keywords:
antidote, cyanide, thiosulfate, sulfur, thiocyanate

8. Figure: 20-02
Title:
Effect of copper ions on oat seedlings
Caption:
The effect of copper ions on the height of oat seedlings. From left to right, the concentrations of Cu2+ are 0, 3, 6, 10, 20, 100, 500, 2000, and 3000 μg/L. The plants on the left show varying degrees of deficiency; those on the right show copper ion toxicity. The optimum level of Cu2+ for oat seedlings is therefore about 100 μg/L.
Notes:
Keywords:
copper ion, oat seedling, deficiency, height

9. Figure: 20-03
Title:
Mercury poisoning
Caption:
Mercury poisoning. Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding a reactant molecule at the active site. Mercury ions react with sulfhydryl groups to change the shape of the enzyme and destroy the active site.
Notes:
Keywords:
mercury, poisoning, enzyme, sulfhydryl, active site

10. Figure: L
Title:
British antilewisite (BAL)
Caption:
British antilewisite is an antidote for mercury poisoning. It works by chelating mercury ions, surrounding the ions so that they are tied up and unable to attack vital enzymes.
Notes:
Keywords:
BAL, mercury, antidote, poisoning, chelating, enzyme, British antilewisite

11. Figure: un
Title:
EDTA-treatment for lead poisoning
Caption:
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that can be used to treat lead poisoning.
Notes:
Keywords:
lead, poisoning, EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chelating

12. Figure: un
Title:
Lead-EDTA complex
Caption:
A lead-EDTA complex.
Notes:
Keywords:
EDTA, lead, chelate

13. Figure: un
Title:
Hydrolysis of acetylcholine
Caption:
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to choline and acetic acid by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
Notes:
Keywords:
acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, enzyme, hydrolyze, choline, acetic acid

14. Figure: 20-04
Title:
The acetylcholine cycle
Caption:
The acetylcholine cycle.
Notes:
Keywords:
acetylcholine, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, acetylase, cholinesterase

15. Figure: un
Title:
Atropine
Caption:
Atropine acts by blocking acetylcholine receptor sites.
Notes:
Keywords:
atropine, acetylcholine, receptor

16. Figure: 20-05
Title:
Acetylcholinesterase
Caption:
(a) Acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline. (b) An organophosphate ties up acetylcholinesterase, preventing it from breaking down acetylcholine.
Notes:
What functional group splits in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine?
Keywords:
acetylcholinesterase, hydrolysis, acetylcholine, organophosphate, acetic acid

17. Figure: 20-06
Title:
Organophosphorous compounds
Caption:
Three organophosphorus compounds used as nerve poisons in chemical warfare. Compare these structures with those of the insecticides malathion and parathion.
Notes:
Keywords:
organophosphorous, nerve poison, insecticide, malathion, parathion

18. Figure: un
Title:
Oxidation of nicotine
Caption:
Nicotine is oxidized to cotinine by the liver.
Notes:
Keywords:
liver, cotinine, nicotine, oxidation

19. Figure: un
Title:
The liver as a detoxifier
Caption:
Toluene, which is insoluble in water, is oxidized by the enzyme P-450(found in the liver) into benzoic acid. The benzoic acid then couples with glycine to form hippuric acid, which is soluble in water and is readily excreted from the body.
Notes:
Keywords:
toluene, soluble, insoluble, oxidized, P-450, enzyme, glycine, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, liver, detoxification

20. Figure: un
Title:
Oxidation of benzene
Caption:
Benzene is slowly oxidized in the liver to an epoxide.
Notes:
Keywords:
benzene, oxidize, epoxide, liver

21. Figure: 20-07
Title:
Cancer risks
Caption:
Ranking cancer risks. About 30% of all cancer deaths are attributed to tobacco and another 30% or so to a diet high in fat and calories and low in fruits and vegetables. Environmental pollution and food additives rank high in public perception of causes, but are only relatively minor contributors to cancer deaths. (Based on data from Harvard University School of Public Health.)
Notes:
Keywords:
cancer risk, diet, tobacco, genetics, occupational, alcohol, pollution

22. Figure: un
Title:
Benzidine
Caption:
Benzidine is an aromatic amine that is a known carcinogen.
Notes:
Keywords:
benzidine, carcinogen, aromatic amine

23. Figure: 20-08
Title:
Heterocyclic carcinogens
Caption:
Three small-ring heterocyclic carcinogens.
Notes:
To what family of compounds does each compound belong?
Keywords:
heterocyclic, carcinogen, bis(epoxy)butane, beta propiolactone, N-laurylethyleneimine

24. Figure: 20-09
Title:
The Ames test
Caption:
The Ames test. The top petri dish, to which a mutagenic chemical has been added, shows the growth of several colonies of Salmonella bacteria, indicating that mutations have occurred. The bottom dish is a control that shows only a few spontaneous mutations.
Notes:
Keywords:
Ames test, petri dish, Salmonella bacteria, mutagenic

25. Figure: un
Title:
Thalidomide
Caption:
Thalidomide is a known teratogen. It caused birth defects characterized by shortened or absent arms and legs.
Notes:
Keywords:
thalidomide, teratogen, birth defect

26. Figure:
Title:
Isotretinoin
Caption:
Isotretinoin (accutane) is used for the treatment of acne. It can cuase multiple severe malformations when taken during pregnancy.
Notes:
Keywords:
teratogen, accutane, isotretinoin, acne, pregnancy

27. Figure: 20-10
Title:
A hazardous waste incinerator
Caption:
A schematic diagram of an incinerator for hazardous wastes. Question: PCBs are burned in air at high temperatures to carbon dioxide,water, and hydrogen chloride. Write the equation for the incineration of the PCB component C6H2Cl3—C6H3Cl2.
Notes:
Keywords:
incinerator, hazardous waste

28. Figure: 20-T01
Title:
LD50 values for some common substances
Caption:
LD50 values for some common substances.
Notes:
Keywords:
LD50, ethyl alcohol, sodium chloride, aspirin, nicotine, caffeine, acetaminophen

29. Figure: 20-T02
Title:
Estimated LD50 values for some more lethal poisons
Caption:
Estimated LD50 values for some more lethal poisons.
Notes:
Keywords:
LD50, lethal, poison, sodium cyanide, arsenic, rotinone, strychnine, tetnus, botulin, muscarine

30. Figure: 20-T03
Title:
Industrial products and hazardous waste by-products
Caption:
Industrial products and hazardous waste by-products.
Notes:
Keywords:
industrial, hazardous waste, by-product, plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints, oils, metals, leather, textiles