1. Thermo-chemical Processing of करंजा Oil
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Make the Oil Fit for Use in Readily Available Engines….

2. Raw Vegetable Oil Chemistry
C63 H122O6
C3 H5O3

3. History of Non-edible Vegetable Oils
Traditional Indians used non-edible oils for making soaps and lighting lamps.
The first public demonstration of peanut oil based diesel fuel was at the 1900 World’s Fair.
Rudolph Diesel later did extensive work on vegetable oil fuels and became a leading proponent of such a concept.
Diesel believed that farmers could benefit from providing their own fuel.
Shortly after Diesel’s death in 1913 fossil Diesel became widely available at low cost.

4. 1970s Global Warming Triggered Cycling of Combustion Generated CO2
Belgian inventor in 1937 who first proposed using transesterification to convert vegetable oils into fatty acid alkyl esters.
He proved that these esters can be easily used in diesel engines.
The process of transesterification converts vegetable oil into three smaller molecules which are much less viscous and easy to burn in a diesel engine.
Biodiesel became trade name fatty acid methyl esters in the early 1980s.

5. Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry
A vegetable oil molecule is known as a triglyceride molecule.
Three nearly straight fatty acid chains end at Three Carbon double bonds.
A molecule with multiple Carbon double bonds tends to be more reactive under heated conditions than a molecule containing fewer or no double bonds.

6. Metathesis reactions for Molecular Cracking
Also called Double-replacement reactions.

7. Transesterification process
CH2-OOC-R catalyst R1-COOR CH2OH
CH2-OOC-R ROH ↔ R2-COOR CH2OH
CH2-OOC-R3 R3-COOR CH2OH
Triglyceride Alcohol Esters (Bio-diesel) Glycerol
C63 H122O6
R1, R2, R3, are long chain alkyl group
R short chain alkyl group
Transesterification of triglycerides with alcohol.
During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkali (NaOH, KOH, or Alkoxides).

8. Flow Chart : Catalyzed trans-esterification process of vegetable oil
Condenser
Water in
Water out
Methanol Recovery
Methanol
NaOH
Mixture
Reactor
Vegetable oil
Separator
Glycerol
Crude Biodiesel
Water washing
Biodiesel
Pure Biodiesel
Water removal

9. Diagram of the Small Capacity biodiesel Reactor
Motor
Heater
Thermostat
Temperature indicator
Stand
Oil+Alchohol +
NaOH
Water
Biodiesel
Air
Valve

10. Research Biodiesel reactor (~1000 ml capacity)

11. Rural Field Level BIODIESEL REACTOR

12. Separating unit : Bio-diesel & Glycerin

13. Water washing of biodiesel

14. FLASH AND FIRE POINT APPARATUS AND VISCOMETER

15. Effect of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on biodiesel yield and viscosity

16. Effect of methanol quantity on biodiesel yield and viscosity

17. Corrected optimal values by changing the reaction time
Optimal Values For Biodiesel Production
Temperature
(oC)
Base
(g)
Methanol (ml)
Time (hr)
Viscosity
(cSt)
% Yield 65 2 72
2.5
3.70 99
Corrected optimal values by changing the reaction time

18. Viscosity Testing For Karanja, Biodiesel And Diesel
S No
Name of the oils
Temperature
(0c)
Viscosity (cst)
Remarks 1
Karanja oil 40 60 80
20.5
13.2
10.0
With increase of temperature ,viscosity decreases and more bright and lighter 2
Bio-diesel
5.2
4.4
3.8
Darkness decrease in increase of temperature 3
Diesel
4.9
More bright in increase of temperature

19. Engine Testing with Various Bio-diesels

20. Engine Test Set-up

21. Specification of the Rural Engine
Type Single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled and direct injection Diesel engine with bowl-piston combustion chamber.
Model Kirlosker TAF1 Model
Bore mm
Cubic capacity cc
Piston Bowl diameter mm
Compression ratio :1
Engine speed rpm (max)
Inlet valve diameter mm
Exhaust valve diameter mm

22. Engine Testing With Karanjia Bio-diesel

23. Effect on brake thermal efficiency of brake power

24. Specific fuel consumption Vs brake power

25. Generation of unburned hydrocarbon Emissions
Generation of photochemical smog
eye and respiratory irritation in humans
Epinasty, chlorosis, curling, leaf abscission and growth retardation in plans

26. Generation of Carbon dioxide
CO2 emissions by Biodiesel is renewable…..

27. Effect on exhaust NOX emission of brake power

28. Exhaust Smoke Opacity Vs Brake power

29. Additional Features of Bio-diesel
S/no
Name of oils CV
Mi/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C)
Cloud point (0C)
Pour point (0C) 1
Karanja oil
36.00
20.18
0.921
230
270 _ 2
Bio-diesel
38.02
4.7
0.875
185
225 21 8 3
Diesel
43.47
4.2
0.825
135
150

30. Additional Positive Features of Karanja Bio-diesel
S/no
Name of oils CV
Mi/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C) 1
Karanja oil
36.00
20.18
0.921
230
270 2
Bio-diesel
38.02
4.7
0.875
185
225 3
Diesel
43.47
4.2
0.825
135
150

31. Additional Positive Features of Jatropha Bio-diesel
S/no
Name of oils CV
Mi/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C) 1
Jatropha oil
39.66
14.6
0.905
209
326 2
Bio-diesel
36.29
4.06
0.865
185
217 3
Diesel
43.47
4.2
0.825
135
150

32. Additional Positive Features of Linceed Bio-diesel
S/no
Name of oils CV
MJ/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C) 1
Linceed oil
39.20
29.4
0.903
231
244 2
Bio-diesel
40.13
3.85
0.850
163
176 3
Diesel
43.47
4.2
0.825
135
150

33. Comparison of Properties of Different Bio-diesels.
S/no
Name of oils CV
MJ/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C) 1
Linceed
40.13
3.85
0.850
163
176 2
Jatropha
36.29
4.06
0.865
185
217 3
Karanjia
38.02
4.7
0.875
225

34. Consultation on Energy Technologies for Rural Industrialization
Bio Diesel-Production by Rural Entrepreneurs
Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization
Wardha
29th – 31st December 2005