1. The Urinary System Lesson 2: Pathology of the Urinary System31
The Urinary System
Lesson 2:
Pathology of the Urinary System

2. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …
Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
List and briefly explain common disorders associated with the urinary system.

3. Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder
Caused by bacterial irritation of the urinary tract
Common disorder
Most prevalent in sexually active women, ages 20–50 due to anatomical configuration
In men, usually secondary to another infection 3

4. Cystitis Symptoms Treatment Urgency Frequent and/or painful urination
Antibiotics
Antispasmodics 4

5. Interstitial Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder wall
Affects mostly women
Cause is unknown
Not responsive to antibiotics 5

6. Glomerulonephritis Kidney disease Causes
Kidneys lose ability to remove wastes from blood
Acute, sudden inflammation
Chronic, with gradual onset
Can lead to renal failure
Causes
Infections
Autoimmune disease
Inflammation of blood vessels
Systemic disease
Scarring of the glomeruli 6

7. Glomerulonephritis Symptoms Treatment Abnormal urinalysis
Dark amber-colored urine, or foamy urine
High blood pressure
Edema
Fatigue
Less frequent urination than usual
Treatment
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Symptoms from acute cases may dissipate on their own 7

8. Incontinence Is the involuntary and unpredictable flow of urine
Commonly seen in:
Women who have had children
Types
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Enuresis (incontinence while sleeping)
Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Pelvic floor exercises
Behavioral modification (enuresis) 8

9. Critical Thinking Question
How can you show respect and sensitivity when discussing incontinence with a patient? 9

10. Kidney Stones or Renal Calculi
Cause
Mineral salts are deposited in the kidneys
Course of Disorder
Stones are benign in the kidneys
Become problematic when passed into the ureters
Cause blockage of urine
Irritate the kidneys and the ureters
Symptoms
Flank pain
Nausea and vomiting
Hematuria
Treatment
Lithotripsy
Surgery
May resolve without intervention
Prevention
Diet control
Fluid intake 10

11. Lithotripsy 11

12. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Clusters of noncancerous cysts develop in the kidneys
Symptoms
High blood pressure
Back or side pain
Increase in abdomen size
Blood in urine
Kidney stones, kidney failure, kidney infections
Headaches
Treatment
Symptoms and their complications are the focus of treatment
Complications
Usually a result of symptoms
Can be prevented or reduced with regular check-ups 12

13. Pyelonephritis Infection of the kidney and renal pelvis Causes
Bacteria
Use of catheter or cystoscope
Prostate enlargement
Kidney stones
Treatment
Antibiotics
Symptoms
Back, side, and groin pain
Urgency and frequency of urination
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Blood and pus in the urine
Complications
Scarring and permanent kidney damage if left untreated 13

14. Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure Typical Causes
Sudden change, such as toxin, blood loss, or trauma impairs kidney function
Symptoms occur over time
Decreased urine output
Irregular heart rate
Ascites (fluid in abdomen)
Swollen extremities
Chronic Renal Failure
Gradual loss of kidney function
Progresses over years
Typical Causes
Hypertension
Diabetes
Treatment
Reverse condition causing the failure
Nonreversible condition requires dialysis 14

15. Dialysis
Method for removing toxins from the blood and maintaining water balance when the kidneys cannot 15

16. Critical Thinking Question
What impact can dialysis have on a patient’s lifestyle? 16

17. Types of Dialysis Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis
Shunts blood to machines that filter the blood and returns it to the body
Done in dialysis center 3 times weekly
Peritoneal Dialysis
Dialysis fluid solution is instilled in stomach
Membranes in the abdomen filter solution
Solution is removed
Can be done at home or in other setting 17

18. Dialysis Machine 18

19. Peritoneal Dialysis 19

20. Kidney Transplants Donor kidney is inserted into the patient’s body
Blood vessels and ureters are attached to the patient’s already existing structures
Recipients must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their lives 20

21. Questions? 21