1. Anatomy and Physiology I
HS 150
Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
Kyle Black M.S. C.E.S.

2. Objectives
 Define the terms atom, element, molecule, and compound
 Describe the structure of an atom
Compare and contrast ionic and covalent types of chemical
bonding.
Distinguish between organic and inorganic chemical
compounds
 Discuss the chemical characteristics of water
 Explain the concept of pH.
Discuss the structure and function of the following types
of organic molecules: carbohydrate, lipid, protein,
and nucleic acid

3.  Define the terms atom, element, molecule, and compound
Atom: Smallest particle of a pure substance that still has the chemical
properties of that substance:
composed of protons,
electrons, and neutrons
Element: Pure substance of only one of more than a
hundred types of atoms
Molecule: Particle of matter composed of one or more
smaller units called atoms.
Compound: Substance whose molecules have more then
one kind of element in them

4.  Describe the structure of an atom

5. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent types of chemical bonding.
Chemical Bonding: makes an atom more stable, two ways it can do this. ↓↓↓↓
Ionic
Covalent

6. Organic compounds: composed of molecules that contain
 Distinguish between organic and inorganic chemical compounds
Organic compounds: composed of molecules that contain
Carbon-carbon C-C covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen
C-H covalent bonds or both kinds
Inorganic compounds: have carbon atoms in them and none
have C-C or C-H bonds

7.  Discuss the chemical characteristics of water
Water The Basis of Life
Inorganic compound
The solvent in which most other compounds or solutes are dissolved
Compose the basic internal environment of the body but also participate
in many important chemical reactions.
Dehydration synthesis: is how water is made. Two smaller parts
Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) coming together to make a
larger compound.
Hydrolysis: Water (hydro) breaks down a bond into smaller molecules (lysis)

8.  Explain the concept of pH.
pH Scale: Used to map the strength of substance using acid or base
for the definition.
Because water is the balance of life it is in the middle of the pH scale.

9.  Discuss the structure and function of the following types of organic molecules: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid
Carbohydrates: monosaccharide (eg. Glucose, galactose, fructose)
disaccharide (eg. Sucrose, lactose [milk sugar], maltose [malt sugar]
polysaccharide (eg. Glycogen [secondary short term energy storage
starch [cornstarch, potato, tapioca)

10.  Discuss the structure and function of the following types of organic molecules: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid
Lipids: fats and oils, solid at room temperature
Examples in the body
Triglycerides can be broken apart to yield energy for later use
Phospholipids foundations for cell membrane
Cholesterol is a Steroid lipid (multiple ring structure)

11. some proteins are Structural and some are Functional
 Discuss the structure and function of the following types of organic molecules: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid
Protein: Very large, start off as amino acids strings are held together
by peptide bonds.
some proteins are Structural and some are Functional
Structural proteins designed to be hold a certain shape for a certain job
examples; collagen – holds body tissue together
keratin – holds skin together that is waterproof
Functional proteins have shapes that enable them to participate in chemical
process of the body
examples; hormones, growth factors, cell membranes and enzymes
Enzymes are chemical catalysts eg. Lock-and-key

12. More about this next time.
 Discuss the structure and function of the following types of organic molecules: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid
Nucleic acid: basic building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides
two kinds DNA and RNA (chapter 3)
DNA bases include Adenine, Thiamine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA bases include Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
More about this next time.