1. Chap 14: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
The carbonyl group:
Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group.
Ketones have two carbons attached to the carbonyl group.

2. NAMING ALDEHYDES Examples:
Find the longest carbon chain that contains the aldehyde group.
Change ending of the root hydrocarbon name by dropping –e and adding –al.
All other branches and groups are named and located using standard IUPAC system.
Examples:

3. NAMING KETONES Examples: Find the longest chain that contains C=O.
Using the root alkane name, drop the –e ending and change to –one.
Number the longest carbon chain so the C=O group has the lowest number.
Name and number other substituents as before.
Examples:

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The carbonyl group is moderately polar, but it doesn’t have any hydrogen atoms attached, so it cannot hydrogen bond between molecules.

5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, cont.
Because of the polarity of the C=O group, these groups can interact, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding.
This makes the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones higher than alkanes, but lower than alcohols.

6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, cont.
The C=O group can hydrogen bond with water molecules.
This makes low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones water soluble (they have small hydrophobic sections). H O ||
R-C-R O

7. ALDEHYDE AND KETONE REACTIONS
Recall the oxidation of alcohols to produce aldehydes and ketones:

8. REACTIONS, cont. The addition of H2 in the presence of catalysts.

9. Examples:

10. REACTIONS, cont.
The addition of alcohols to aldehydes produces an unstable hemiacetal intermediate.

11. REACTIONS, cont. General formulas for: Hemiacetals Acetals

12. REACTIONS, cont.
The addition of alcohol to ketones produces an unstable hemiketal intermediate.

13. REACTIONS, cont. General formula for: Hemiketal Ketal

14. REACTIONS, cont.
Cyclical hemiacetals and hemiketals are more stable than open chains and are important in carbohydrate chemistry.

15. REACTIONS, cont.
Acetals and ketals are stable, but may be converted back to aldehydes and ketones through acid catalyzed hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the breakage of a bond by reaction with water.
Acetal hydrolysis:

16. REACTIONS, cont. Ketal hydrolysis: Specific Example:

17. IMPORTANT ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Formaldehyde
Gas at room temperature
Formalin – 37% aqueous solution
Sterilizer
Embalming fluid
Starting material for plastics such as Formica and Bakelite

18. IMPORTANT ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, cont.
Acetone
(propanone)
Important organic solvent
Used in such things as nail polish remover
Miscible with water

19. IMPORTANT ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, cont.
Progesterone and testosterone (female and male sex hormones) are ketones.
Some aldehydes and ketones are very fragrant and are used in flavorings.
Vanillin (vanilla)
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
Citral (citrus flavoring)
Camphor (medicinal odor)