1. (Non-Mendelian Genetics)
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sometimes inheritance does not follow Mendel’s rules
(Non-Mendelian Genetics) X = X = X = X =
Skin Tone
Eye Color

2. The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive R R r Rr Rr r Rr Rr R r R RR Rr r Rr rr

3. Both alleles are expressed
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed rr R R RR r Rr Rr r Rr Rr Rr Rr Rr Rr R r R rr RR Rr RR r Rr Rr rr Rr

4. Codominance Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance

5. Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Population with a high risk of contracting Malaria
Population affected with Sickle Cell Anemia
Malaria Animation

6. There are more than 2 alleles for a particular trait
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
There are more than 2 alleles for a particular trait
For blood type in humans there are 3 alleles A B O
(ABO blood type)
A & B are Co-Dominant & O is Recessive

7. Blood Types Type A A B A & AB A & O Type B B A B & AB B & O Type AB
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Can Receive From:
Blood Types
Can Give to:
Antigen
Antibody
Type A A B
A & AB
A & O
Type B B A
B & AB
B & O
Type AB
A & B
none AB
All
Type O
none
A & B
All O

8. Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
What are the possible blood types for the children of a heterozygous type A woman and a heterozygous type B man?
Phenotype
Genotype
Type A
IA IA or IA i
Type B
IB IB or IB i IA i
IA IB
IB i IB
Type AB
IA IB i
IA i
i i
Type O
i i

9. Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
What are the possible blood types for the children of a heterozygous type A woman and a heterozygous type B man?

10. more than one pair of genes code for a particular trait
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Polygenic Traits
more than one pair of genes code for a particular trait
The occurrence of the phenotypes of a polygenic trait usually form a bell curve

11. Sex determination in humans
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex determination in humans

12. Sex determination in humans
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex determination in humans
XX x XY X Y X XX XY X XX XY

13. Traits found on the sex chromosomes
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Traits found on the sex chromosomes
More traits are found on the X-chromosome than the Y

14. Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Red-green colorblindness and hemophilia are x-linked, recessive disorders

15. Females are far less likely to have an x-linked recessive disorder.
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.2 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Females are far less likely to have an x-linked recessive disorder. XB Y
A cross between a carrier female and a male with normal vision will lead to the following: XB
XBXB
XBY Xb
XBXb
XbY

16. Genetic Disorders Autosomal Recessive Disorders. Cystic Fibrosis
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
Genetic Disorders
Autosomal Recessive Disorders.
Cystic Fibrosis
Defective membrane protein leads to digestive & Respiratory failures
Albinism
Little to no melanin production which causes skin and eye damage from UV rays
Tay-Sachs
Inability to break down fatty substances leads to a buildup in the brain and mental disabilities

17. Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
Genetic Disorders
Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
Decline of mental and neurological function – Symptoms usually appear in middle age
Huntingtons
Achondroplasia
Dwarfism

18. Pedigree Analysis 11.1 – Human Heredity
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
Pedigree Analysis
(Inter-family)
(The subject being studied)

19. Which shows a dominant and which a recessive autosomal disorder?
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
Which shows a dominant and which a recessive autosomal disorder?
Recessive
Dominant
(or recessive)

20. Sex-Linked Recessive 11.1 – Human Heredity
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
Sex-Linked Recessive

21. What are the genotypes for
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.1 – Human Heredity
What are the genotypes for
I-1 & I-2?
II-1 & II-2?
III-1, III-2 & III-3? Aa Aa A? A? aa A? A? Aa Aa Aa

22. Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
When carriers are shown on a pedigree you know all genotypes (sometimes carriers are shown sometimes they are not)
XAXa
XAY
XAXA
XaY

23. Chromosomal Disorders
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.3 – Chromosomes & Human Heredity
Chromosomal Disorders
Down Syndrome
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

24. Nondisjunction 11.3 – Chromosomes & Human Heredity
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.3 – Chromosomes & Human Heredity
Nondisjunction

25. Trisomy will usually cause death very early in pregnancy.
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.3 – Chromosomes & Human Heredity
Trisomy will usually cause death very early in pregnancy.
Trisomy 13,15,18, & 22 have been documented (most die before age 1)
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
abnormal facial appearance, high likelihood of mental retardation (degree varies considerably), and increased likelihood of developing leukemia and Alzheimer’s disease

26. Nondisjunction in Sex Chromosomes Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Ch.11 – Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity
11.3 – Chromosomes & Human Heredity
Nondisjunction in Sex Chromosomes
Turner’s Syndrome
Underdeveloped reproductive organs & infertility.
Short stature and decreased mental function
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Underdeveloped reproductive organs & infertility.
May also cause
Enlarged breasts & a decrease in mental function.