1. Target for Wednesday 01/13/10
Interpreting the
Visual Record 
What do you think the phrase “heal the wounds of the past” means?
Nelson Mandela called on the people of South Africa to “heal the wounds of the past”.

2. Target for Wednesday 01/13/10
Interpreting the
Visual Record 
What do you think the phrase “heal the wounds of the past” means?
Answer: To concentrate on building the future instead of punishing people for past actions.
Nelson Mandela called on the people of South Africa to “heal the wounds of the past”.

3. A Brief History of Africa Draw a graphic organizer like this to take notes in during the lesson

4. Africa…What we know so far
We know that Africa is a continent NOT a country.

5. Africa…What we know so far
Europeans enslaved many Africans and forced them to work in their colonies across the Atlantic.

6. Africa…What we know so far
The slave trade stopped because of the European Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution made trade in finished products and raw materials more profitable than trade in human beings.

7. Africa…What we know so far
But where were Europeans going to get all the raw materials they needed to make their finished products?

8. Africa…What we know so far
Why not just take the natural resources from Africa?
Europeans then partitioned Africa based on their own needs.
This caused ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and artificial political boundaries.

9. Africa…What we know so far
Africans resisted and fought against European colonial rule from the beginning.
Remember the Zulu?

10. Africa…What we know so far
Africans began to desire independence from European colonial rule, why?
Africans were viewed as second class citizens
African lands were exploited for European profit
African cultures were belittled

11. Africa…What we know so far
World Wars I & II showed Africans:
Europeans were inconsistent…
If Japanese and German efforts to rule people were wrong, why was it ok for Europeans to rule Africans?

12. Africa…What we know so far
World Wars I & II showed Africans:
A wider world then they had ever been exposed to before.
Many Africans fought for European countries in WW II

13. Africa…What we know so far
World Wars I & II showed Africans:
After the war, European countries were financially drained
Africans thought…now is the time to break free!

14. Pan-African Movement Africans were dreaming of freedom
This growing ideal lead to the growing nationalism of Africans.
Nationalism – a feeling of pride in one’s homeland.
In order to win independence from the colonial powers, African leaders encouraged the growth of nationalism.

15. Pan African Movement
In the 1920’s, Africans formed a movement called Pan-Africanism, which stressed unity and cooperation among all Africans.
Their slogan was “Africa for Africans”
W.E.B. DuBois was an early leader of the Pan-African movement. He worked with African leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta & Kwame Nkrumah, to make plans for African countries to become independent.

16. Independence and Its Challenges
Different Paths to Independence
Ghana won its independence from Britain peacefully.
Algeria, a former French colony, had to fight for its freedom.
Ghana Algeria

17. Independence and Its Challenges
The Challenges of Independence
Colonial rule caused problems for African countries after independence because African countries had little experience in governmental matters.
Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first President, and MLK, Jr.

18. Independent Africa Costs (Negatives) Benefits (Positives)
Inexperienced leaders
New interest in African cultures
Military, dictatorships
African writers won awards
Civil wars, debt, drought, overuse of land, diseases
African art, music, and movies became popular.

19. South Africa Looking Ahead…
When we work through the WebQuest next week, we will learn about the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk.

20. Do you have a sense of Nationalism?
Can you Name that Patriotic Tune?

21. Ticket Out The Door Choose one to explain:
How did Nationalism lead to independence in Africa?
What was the impact of the Pan African movement on independence?