1. Slavery & New France
In 1792 there was an exodus of Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia then to Africa (Sierra Leone) in What do you think their situation was like after being granted freedom?
The story of the Underground Railroad is one of the best known in Canadian history. Why do you think it is so well known?
What is the importance of primary sources to the study of history? What may be missing from the primary accounts?

2. Population Growth in New France
Though there were only approximately 14,000 settlers, the population grew to 70,000 by 1760.
The natural growth rate was high – due to the abundance of food, quality of water and low risk of epidemic (population was spread out).
Growth rate was 25 per thousand vs. 3 per thousand in France.
See Portrait Catherine Guertin – midwife page 36.

3. Growth rate was 25 per thousand vs. 3 per thousand in France.
France: 3 per thousand
New france:25 per thousand

4. Aboriginal Population
While European presence was slowly increasing, Aboriginal populations were in trouble.
European presence created conflict between Aboriginal groups.
They also spread disease: smallpox, typhus, cholera, and chickenpox caused the death of a great number of Aboriginals .
Migration, immunization, births and isolation helped prevent larger population losses.

5. What do these two documents show?

6. What link can you establish between these two documents?

7. Iroquois Wars
The French allied with the Algonquians. The Dutch and British with the Iroquois.
Aboriginal groups were fighting each other for control of the fur trade, European groups were fighting each other for control of the territory.
Migration, and raids drove the Iroquois further from their territory. In 1701, they signed the Great Peace Treaty of Montreal – a remained neutral in further conflicts between the French and the English.

8. Homework Study document 60, page 38, answer the question.
Reflect on what life was like in the colony of New France; then reflect on how life must have been for slaves in the colony. Provide a response.

9. Social Organization France vs. New France

10. Social Organization in France
Clergy
1st estate
Nobility
2nd Estate
Peasants and bourgeoisie 3rd estate
90 % of the power
90 % of the population

11. Social Organization in France

12. Social Organization in New France
The relations between Aboriginal peoples and the Europeans transformed both groups.
There existed a hierarchy, as in France, but was less strict. Including, nobility, clergy and the Third Estate.
The lack of money resulted in few wealthy people – senior officials made up the upper class, including some clergy and the bishop.

13. Coexisting in New France
The governor
The intendant
The bishop
_______________________
The seigneur
Military officer
Rich merchant
The priest
Superior of a religious community
Artisan
Coureur de bois
Farmer, small merchant

14. Social Organization in New France
Upward mobility was much easier in New France – a carpenter could hope to gain enough money to buy land and be given a noble title.
In France importers were generally bourgeoisie, merchants of Canadian origin worked in the fur trade and with farmers.
90% of people belonged to the Third Estate.
In the 1660’s, European began to squeeze out the Aboriginal groups as fur trade intermediaries.

15. Outcasts
The servant workforce was quite small, due to a wide range of duties and low pay. Few welcomed the opportunity.
Therefore, slavery was used as a remedy.
There were approximately 2,000-4,100 during the French regime – generally taken from Aboriginal groups who were against the French, e.g. Pawnee from Mississippi, or other from Africa.

16. Outcasts
Aboriginal peoples did not fully integrate into society – assimilation was used, but marriages between were not condoned.
Protestants were also excluded – who constituted 10% of immigrants. After the Company of 100 Associates, protestants were no longer allowed to settle in the area.

17. New Identities
Identity transformations occurred for both Aboriginal and European groups.
Aboriginal groups began adopting European products, such as textiles and various metals.
Though these new products did not change their traditional way of life.
The exception were domiciliés group, who converted and adopted the French language – they also moved from longhouses, which broke their traditional family structure.

18. The Birth of Canadien
New France tried to duplicate France’s social structure – however, climate, influence from Aboriginal groups, and slow settlement altered the structure.
As they had to self-sufficient, there was a sense of independence and autonomy.
The common struggle united the settlers, otherwise regional dialects were abandoned in favour of more traditional French.
And then the English arrived!

19. Ranking Ladder
What do you think the top 3-5 reasons that people are pulled to a new territory. Provide justification for each answer.