1. Circulation and Blood Vessels
Chapter 14
Circulation and Blood Vessels

2. Objectives Trace the path of cardiopulmonary circulation
Name and describe the specialized circulatory
systems
Trace the blood in fetal circulation
List the types of blood vessels
Identify the principal arteries and veins of the
body
Describe some disorders of the blood vessels
Define the key words that relate to this chapter

3. Blood Circulation Major circulatory systems
Cardiopulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Specialized circulatory systems
Coronary circulation
Portal circulation
Fetal circulation

4. Cardiopulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart.
Review of blood flow through the heart and lungs

5. Systemic Circulation
Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions
Carries away waste products
Helps equalize body temperature
Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria
The aorta and its branches

6. Coronary Circulation Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Right and left branches of the coronary artery
Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level
Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus

7. Portal Circulation A branch of the general circulation
Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver
Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range

8. Fetal Circulation Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)
Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood; not through their own lungs and digestive systems
The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food and waste is passed through the placenta

9. Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

10. Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries)
Layers of the walls
Tunica adventitia or externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries
Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

11. Capillaries Smallest blood vessels
Can only be seen through a microscope
Connect the arterioles and venules
Muscle and connective tissue disappear and they become a simple endothelial cell layer
Selective permeability
Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters

12. Veins Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart
Layers of the walls
Tunica externa, Tunica media, Tunica intima
Walls much thinner than arteries
Do not have to withstand as much pressure
Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction
Toward the heart
Largest vein is the vena cavae
Superior vena cava returns blood from upper part of body
Inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower part of the body

13. Venous Return Valves help keep venous blood moving
Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path
Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart
Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation

14. Blood Pressure Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Normal values
Systolic pressure averages 120 mm/Hg
Diastolic pressure averages 80 mm/Hg
Normal range 95/60 to 120/80

15. Pulse Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body
Should be same as heart rate
Can feel pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone
These are called pulse points

16. Pulse Points 7 paired pulse points
Brachial artery
Common carotid artery
Femoral artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Popliteal artery
Radial artery
Temporal artery
Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding distal to the pulse point

17. Congenital Heart Defects
Occur when there is a malformation of the heart during fetal development
Most common symptom
Cyanosis
Microscopic surgery
Can correct many congenital heart defects

18. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Gangrene
Phlebitis or
thrombophlebitis
Embolism
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
Cerebral hemorrhage
Peripheral vascular
disease

19. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Hypertension
Normal
Less than 120/80
Pre-hypertension
/80-89
Stage I hypertension
/90-99
Stage II hypertension
160 and above/100
and above
White coat hypertension
Hypotension
Transient ischemic
attacks (TIAs)
Cerebral vascular
accident (CVA)

20. Hypoperfusion
Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems
Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly
Hypoperfusion leads to shock
Body attempts to compensate for hypoperfusion by
increasing respiratory rate, increasing the heart rate or
sacrificing organs to protect blood flow to the brain