1. THE CITY OF GREENVILLE AND GREENLINK TRANSIT (GTA) DIESEL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EFFORTS

2. Emissions NOx (oxides of nitrogen) NOx (oxides of nitrogen) VOC (volatile organic compounds) VOC (volatile organic compounds) Particulates (soot) Particulates (soot)

3. Ground Ozone Pollution Ground Ozone Pollution Ground-level or "bad" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC. Ground-level or "bad" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC.

4. Biodiesel Biodiesel Propane Injection Propane Injection CNG Engines CNG Engines Idle Reduction Idle Reduction Vehicle Replacements Vehicle Replacements Electric Battery Operated Vehicles Electric Battery Operated Vehicles Water based Paints Water based Paints EFFORTS TO DATE

5. Biodiesel

6. Biofuels are not new! Biofuels are not new! The first diesel engine ran on peanut oil. The first diesel engine ran on peanut oil.

7. Biodiesel – The good Renewable fuel made domestically Renewable fuel made domestically Reduces dependence on foreign oil Reduces dependence on foreign oil Has environmental (?) and fuel lubricity advantages. May be advantage if running ULSD in older diesel engines. Has environmental (?) and fuel lubricity advantages. May be advantage if running ULSD in older diesel engines. Improved regeneration of DPFs Improved regeneration of DPFs

8. Fischer-Tropsch Fuels

9. Biodiesel – The ugly B20 B20 2005 2005 Soy Beans Biomass Soy Beans Biomass Animal Fat Animal Fat B5 B5 It will gel in South Carolina Winters It will gel in South Carolina Winters

10. Why not just run pure veggie oil Unprocessed oil such as vegetable oil can have a significant effect on engine performance over time. It has a much higher viscosity and is less volatile. Unprocessed oil such as vegetable oil can have a significant effect on engine performance over time. It has a much higher viscosity and is less volatile. Producing the Biodiesel (Bio part) requires a process called transesterification which basically cracks the oil and blends it with methanol. Producing the Biodiesel (Bio part) requires a process called transesterification which basically cracks the oil and blends it with methanol.

11. Biodiesel – Bad ??? Increased NO x under load Increased NO x under load

14. Propane Injection

15. TANK TANK Regulator/Controller Regulator/Controller Port into the Air Intake tube Port into the Air Intake tube

16. Propane Injection Average fuel consumption for a rear- loader garbage truck = 25 gallons per day. Average fuel consumption for a rear- loader garbage truck = 25 gallons per day. With propane injection fuel use is 20 gallons of diesel and 4 gallons of propane. Net gain is 1 gallon of fuel. With propane injection fuel use is 20 gallons of diesel and 4 gallons of propane. Net gain is 1 gallon of fuel.

17. PROPANE INJECTION – The good Increased Power Increased Power Lower emissions Lower emissions ROI ROI In house installation. In house installation.

18. PROPANE INJECTION – Maybe Bad 2007 Engines with particulate filter 2007 Engines with particulate filter

19. CNG Conversion

20. CNG Conversions 1998 F850 Ford with Cummins CNG Engine 1998 F850 Ford with Cummins CNG Engine Average mileage 63,987 Average mileage 63,987 The good The good Very low emissions Very low emissions Decent reliability in dump trucks Decent reliability in dump trucks

21. CNG Conversions- The bad High cost of conversions High cost of conversions Weight and Volume of fuel tanks Weight and Volume of fuel tanks Recertification of fuel tanks every 36 months Recertification of fuel tanks every 36 months

22. CNG Conversions- The bad Loss of power (need two speed axle) Loss of power (need two speed axle) Cost of dispensing fuel Cost of dispensing fuel

23. Idle Reduction Positive method of reducing NOx emissions Positive method of reducing NOx emissions State Idling Restrictions for Commercial Vehicles State Idling Restrictions for Commercial Vehicles City policy being developed City policy being developed GPS Idling Limiters being evaluated GPS Idling Limiters being evaluated

24. 2010/2011 Vehicle Replacement 7 35 Transit Buses with 2010 engines 7 35 Transit Buses with 2010 engines 2 Combination Sewer Trucks 2 Combination Sewer Trucks 4 F550 Recycling Trucks 4 F550 Recycling Trucks 1 Rear Loader Garbage Truck 1 Rear Loader Garbage Truck 1 Leaf Vacuum Truck 1 Leaf Vacuum Truck

25. DPF Filters

26. DPF Filter In A Transit Bus

27. Electric Vehicles 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown service 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown service Replaces ¾ ton pickup Replaces ¾ ton pickup Assembled in Greenville SC Assembled in Greenville SC 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grant 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grant Assembled in Greenville?? Assembled in Greenville??

28. Proterra Bus (BRT)

30. Proterra Electric Bus

31. Charges in 5 to 10 minutes Tucked under the floor of the bus are lithium titanate batteries from Altairnano. The company claims they can cover a 2.5 hour-long bus route after a single five or ten minute rapid charge and says the batteries have an expected lifespan of 12 to 15 years in any climateAltairnano

32. Battery Pac mounts under floor of bus

33. Electric Vehicles 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown service 2 Electric Trucks on order for Downtown service Replaces ¾ ton pickup Replaces ¾ ton pickup Assembled in Greenville SC Assembled in Greenville SC 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grant 5 Proterra Electric Transit Buses awaiting approval of a grant 2 Electric or hybrid trolleys awaiting grant approval. 2 Electric or hybrid trolleys awaiting grant approval.

34. Proterra Drive Unit

35. REDUCING VOCs

36. Water based Paints NOx + VOC = Ground Level Ozone NOx + VOC = Ground Level Ozone Most new vehicles are now painted with a water based paint. Most new vehicles are now painted with a water based paint. Accident repairs may still be painted with solvent based paints Accident repairs may still be painted with solvent based paints Water based paints has a very low VOC emissions Water based paints has a very low VOC emissions

37. Bus Painted with Water Based Paint

39. In Conclusion 1. Anti-Idling efforts 1. Anti-Idling efforts 2. Continue to investigate Biodiesel 2. Continue to investigate Biodiesel 3. Determine the issues with Propane Injection and DPFs. 3. Determine the issues with Propane Injection and DPFs. 4. Take every opportunity to use battery electric vehicles in all areas of the City fleet. 4. Take every opportunity to use battery electric vehicles in all areas of the City fleet. 5. Continue to evaluate our VOC emissions 5. Continue to evaluate our VOC emissions 6. Continue to pursue other opportunities such as Propane conversions 6. Continue to pursue other opportunities such as Propane conversions