1. Italian Renaissance – 1300 – 1550
“Renaissance men” …
Aristotle – Empiricism, knowledge from sensory experiences
Humanism
An intellectual movement studying classical Greek and Roman cultures …
Grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry
Original sources & - Individuality

3. Scientific Revolution – 1500 – 1600’s
One of many scientists supporting “new way of thinking” about the universe …

4. John Calvin, 1509 - 1564 Martin Luther, 1483 - 1546 - Indulgences …
** What they did …
- “95 Theses” …
John Calvin,
Created ideology of Predestination

5. Enlightenment – 1600 to 1700’s “Natural Laws” … Niccolo Machiavelli
Scientific laws, principles that govern human conduct and society
Niccolo Machiavelli
 “[I]t appears to me more appropriate to follow up the real truth of a matter than the imagination of it; for many have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been known or seen, because how one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live.”

6. The Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes & “Social Contract”
We give up rights for the purpose of order & stability
Supports “absolute monarchy.”

7. The Enlightenment John Locke & “Natural Rights” Montesquieu Rousseau
Rights that belong to all humans from birth
“Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Montesquieu
Division of powers is best way to protect liberty
Rousseau
In the “state of nature” people are basically good

8. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the government, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
-- Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence (1776)

9. The Enlightenment “Best of all possible worlds.” Voltaire
Outspoken critic of the Catholic Church and French government, the rich, the powerful, etc.
Writes Candide
Candide …
Pangloss … Sychillis
Cunegund …
Events
Conscription
Horrors of warfare
Holland and clergyman
“Best of all possible worlds.”

10. The Enlightenment Free Market … Free Enterprise, but … Adam Smith
Supply & Demand …
Free Enterprise, but …

11. Salon Culture
Information gatherings to discuss ideas

12. The French Revolution Pages 190-198 First, Second, & Third
French Economic Crisis
Estates-General
Storming the Bastille
Declaration of the Rights of Man