1. Unitary, Confederation, & Federal
Distribution
of Power
Unitary, Confederation, & Federal

2. Governments
So why do we need governments anyways?

3. Governments All countries require governments to function.
Governments provide laws, structure, public services, and national defense.
There are different types of governments:
democracies
republics
monarchies
dictatorships

4. How is Power Shared?

5. Federal
System

6. Federal System
In a federal system, power is shared by a powerful central government and the state or local governments.
States or provinces are given considerable self-rule, usually through their own legislatures.

7. Federal System
In a federal form of government, power is divided between a central government & small divisions, such as states.
A document (such as a constitution) may describe the rights, responsibilities, and duties of the central government & the states.
Central government can be powerful, but does not have the ability to dissolve states or choose state leaders.

8. Laws Rule Both Central and State
Federal Government- power of the Central government is separate from State Government
Central
Government
State/Local
Government
The Federal
Constitution
Laws Rule Both Central and State

9. Federal Countries
Many countries use this form of distributing government power.
Western hemisphere: Brazil, Canada, Mexico, US, Venezuela, etc.
Europe: Russia, Germany, etc.
A federal system does not mean that there is more or less personal freedom for the people. It explains how power is distributed.

10. Federal Governments

11. Let’s Review How does a federal system of government divide power?
2. What defines the rights, responsibilities, & duties of the central & state governments?

12. Let’s Review How does a federal system of government divide power?
Between the central government and smaller units such as states
2. What defines the rights, responsibilities, & duties of the central & state governments?
A constitution

13. Unitary
System

14. Unitary System
In a unitary system, the power is held by one central authority.
All power is given to one branch of government.

15. Unitary System
In a unitary government, the central government has most of the authority and decision-making power.
Local government offices are part of the central government.
The central government maintains all power over the local governments.
Unitary governments may not be less democratic (when ordinary citizens get to vote) than other forms--it all depends on who is in charge!

16. of the Central government
Unitary Government
Central
Government
has all the power
The Local
Governments
are not separate,
but are smaller parts
of the Central government
Local Government
Local
Government
Local Government
Same as Central
Same as Central
Same as Central

17. Unitary Countries Many countries in the world are run this way.
Western hemisphere: Cuba & Bolivia
Europe: United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, & France

18. Unitary Governments

19. Let’s Review How is power distributed in a unitary government?
True or False: In a unitary government, the national government could remove the governor of a state and pick a new one.
France, UK, Bolivia, and Cuba--what do these countries have in common?

20. Let’s Review
A central government assigns power and duties to smaller units of government within the country.
True or False: In a unitary government, the national government could remove the governor of a state and pick a new one.
True
All have unitary government systems

21. Confederation

22. Confederation
A confederation is a system in which power is shared by an alliance of independent states (countries).
They voluntarily work together for some common purpose and agree to certain limits on their freedom of action.
Examples: European Union, OPEC

23. Confederation
Some countries agree that they would be better able to solve problems or provide help if they worked together.
They might sign a treaty or a constitution under which the countries agree to defend each other, trade with each other, use a common currency, etc.
Membership is usually voluntary & a country can decide to leave at any time.

24. Confederation
Not commonly found among governments in the 21st century because there are several problems with them:
Often have little power because a high percentage of members must agree to decisions made,
Individual countries can veto decisions, &
Changes in the constitution requires all members to agree.
Confederations generally have a weak central government.

25. Let’s Review What is one problem with a confederation government?
In a confederation, government power lies with the ______________________.

26. Let’s Review What is one problem with a confederation government?
The central government can create laws but might not be able to enforce them
In a confederation, government power lies with the ______________________.
Governments of the member countries/states

27. Let’s get in groups of three. Number yourselves one, two, and three.
Ones explain to the twos and threes how a unitary government system distributes power.
Twos explain to the ones and threes how a confederation government system distributes power.
Threes explain to the ones and twos how a federal government system distributes power.

28. Stop & Think
Turn to your elbow neighbor and tell them which form of government power you like best.
Don’t forget to tell them WHY this is your opinion!

29. Autocracy, Oligarchy, & Democracy
Citizen
Participation
in Government
Autocracy, Oligarchy, & Democracy
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

30. What is Citizen Participation?
In each country, the people have different rights to participate in the government.
In some countries, any citizen can run for office or vote in elections.
In other countries, there are restrictions placed on who can run for office and who can vote.
There are also countries where NO citizen can vote and there are no elections.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

31. Three Types of Government
Types of Government are based on two key questions:
Who governs the country?
What is the citizen participation like?
The way a country answers these questions determines its government type:
Autocracy
Oligarchy
Democracy
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

32. Autocratic Governments:
Have a single ruler with unlimited power.
Citizens cannot participate in the selection of the ruler or vote on the country’s laws.
One benefit – decisions for the country can be made quickly.
However…the needs of the citizens may be ignored.
The leader may make poor or selfish decisions that hurt the citizens.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

33. Autocracy
Generally the power to rule the country is inherited (kings/queens) or is taken by military force.
There are two main types of autocracies:
Absolute Monarchy
Dictatorship
The leader uses force to control the citizens.
Example: Hitler
The monarch has absolute power (no constitution) over the citizens.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

34. Autocracies of the World:
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

35. Oligarchic Governments:
The country is ruled by a small group of people.
The group gets their power from either religion, military force, or wealth & resources.
The citizens do not select the members of this group or vote on the country’s laws.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

36. Democratic Governments:
The citizens hold the power of the government.
Citizens have the opportunity to participate in the government:
All citizens have the opportunity to be a leader.
All citizens have the opportunity to vote for leaders & laws.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

37. This Polity Data Series Map tries to measure a country’s true democracy in government. The countries in the lightest pink have the highest democracy score. The darker the color, the lower the score.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

38. Democratic Governments:
There are two forms of democratic governments:
Both are designed to represent and protect the rights of the citizens.
Presidential
Parliamentary
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

39. Presidential Democracy
The citizens vote directly for the leader of the country.
Citizens also vote for members of the legislature, but separately from the leader.
The leader of the country does not make the laws. The legislature does this.
Example: US, Russia, Mexico
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles

40. Parliamentary Democracy
The citizens vote for members of the legislature, not directly for the leader.
The legislature then chooses the country’s leader among its members.
The leader is part of the legislature, so he/she has a hand in making laws.
Examples: United Kingdom, Canada, & Australia
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles