1. History of Particle Nuclear Physics!

2. (sourced off the internet via Google)
Power points slides…
thanks to
David Krofcheck
Canterbury Teachers Workshop
And
Stefania Ricciardi
(sourced off the internet via Google)

4. The place to be for high energy physicists
Jura
Lac Léman
CERN (FR)
Geneva
airport
CERN (CH)

5. Large Hadron Collider 27 km (17 miles) circumference
1600 superconducting magnets at 1.9° K ( ° C or – 459.7° F)
120 tonnes of liquid helium
Accelerates beams of protons to % the speed of light
Large Hadron Collider

7. The CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider
New Zealand
Muon Barrel
Tracker
(Pixels and Strips)
EM Calorimeter
Hadron Calorimeter
Muon Endcaps
Forward Calorimeter
Beam Scintillator Counters
CASTOR
ZDC

8. PARTICLE PHYSICS
Particle physics is a separate branch of physics which studies the fundamental particles and the fundamental forces of nature. Even before 1950 it was clear that there was more to the Universe than protons, neutrons and electrons.

13. Matter Particles ν μ 1932 p, n, e 1937 1940s mesons π, K 1950s
…hundreds of new particles were discovered!

14. The Particle Physicist’s Bible: Particle Data Book https://pdg.lbl.gov
"Young man, if I could remember
the names of these particles,
I would have been a botanist!“
E.Fermi to his student
L. Lederman (both Nobel laureates)
The Particle Physicist’s Bible: Particle Data Book
Most particles are not stable and can decay to lighter particles..

15. quarks In 1964 the idea of quarks was proposed… u d proton neutron
These were elementary particle of, fractional electric charge, different flavours
Zweig
Gell-Mann u d
proton
neutron

16. Quarks detected within protons!
Freeway 280
End Station A
experimental area
2 miles long accelerator
Stanford (SLAC), California, late 1960s
Fire electrons at proton: big deflections seen!

17. Protons and neutrons in the quark model
Quarks have fractional electric charge!
u electric charge + 2/3
d electric charge -1/3
proton (charge +1)
neutron (charge 0) u u u d
So we know now that protons and neutrons are made of quarks. d d

19. What glues the quarks together?d
Gluons, of course
proton

20. Anti-matter
For every fundamental particle of matter there is an anti-particle with same mass and properties but opposite charge
Matter
Anti-Matter ne e- u d
-1/3
+2/3 e+
+1/3
-2/3 +1 -1
Bar on top
to indicate
anti-particle
positron
Correspondent anti-particles exist for all three families
Anti-matter can be produced using accelerators

24. Elementary particles of matter
1897
1st family:
u, d, e- , e
2nd family:
c, s, - , 
3rd family:
t, b, - , 
leptons
1995
Higgs
Canterbury Teachers Workshop
4 July, 2012

25. Quarks and colour
All quark flavours come in 3 versions, called “colours” u d
+2/3
-1/3 up
down
Quarks combine together to form colourless particles
Baryons (three quarks: red+ green + blue = white)
Mesons (quark-antiquark pair)
such as red+anti-red u-ubar state
Strong forces “glue” quarks together in bound states
proton p u
pion u p

26. Building more particles
B mesons (bq) c c
J/y b b Y
Many more mesons and baryons…

29. . 10-40 10-2 1 10-5 All these interactions are manifestations of only
4 basic interactions
10-40
10-2
átomo
Gravitational Force
Electromagnetic Force 1
10-5
nuclei
n  p + e- + ne
d  u + e- + ne
Strong Colour Force
Weak Force

30. Standard Model of Particle Physics
In a quantum description of matter and the laws of interaction between them still do not know how to incorporate gravitation, but the rest of interactions are well described by a mathematical theory, the Standard Model, able to make predictions that have been confirmed in experiments.
leptons
Messengers
interactions

31. Force Particles (summary)
Particles interact and/or decay thanks to forces
Forces are also responsible of binding particles together
Strong: gluons
Only quarks
(because of their
colour charge)
Weak: W+, W-, Z0
Leptons and quarks (only force for neutrinos)
Electromagnetic:g
Quarks and charged leptons (no neutrinos)
Gravity: graviton?
Still to be discovered
Negligible effects on particles

32. Beyond the Standard Model:Unification of forces
ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC
UNIFIED
FORCE?
GRAVITY
STRONG
WEAK
Looking for a simple elegant
unified theory