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ATOMIC STRUCTURE S.MORRIS 2006.

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1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE S.MORRIS 2006

2 Timeline of Atomic Theory
450 BC ’s _________________________________________________________ Dalton: proposed 4 components to an Atomic Theory. Democritus: matter was made of “atoms”

3 negative charge in the atom 1897
Atomic Theory ___________________________________ Thomson negative charge in the atom 1897 Planck Quanta Millikan charge on e- 1910 Bohr quantum model 1913 Rutherford nucleus 1911

4 Contributions to Modern Atomic Theory
De Broglie Wave nature of matter 1924 _____________________________________ Gell-Mann Quarks 1962 Heisenberg e- is a wave and a particle 1926 Schrodinger e- orbits as a wave 1926 Chadwick neutron 1932

5 (greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM Democritus develops the idea of atoms 460 BC he pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called ATOMA (greek for indivisible)

6 HISTORY OF THE ATOM ATOMS John Dalton 1808
suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS

7 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
All matter consists of tiny particles. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable (Has been modified with recent discoveries in nuclear chemistry) Elements are characterized by the mass of their atoms. When elements react, their atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios. Their atoms sometimes combine in more than one simple

8 Laws that came from Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Law of Conservation of Mass (mass cannot be created or destroyed) Law of Definite Composition/ Law of Proportions Law of Multiple Proportions

9 HISTORY OF THE ATOM ELECTRON Joseph John Thompson 1898
found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an ELECTRON

10 HISTORY OF THE ATOM PLUM PUDDING MODEL 1904
Thomson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge like plums surrounded by pudding. PLUM PUDDING MODEL

11 Thomson’s Experiment with the Cathode Ray Tube

12 Planck and the Quanta Click to read about Planck and his experiments and ideas

13 Millikan 1910 Charge on an electron

14 HISTORY OF THE ATOM Ernest Rutherford: The Gold Foil Experiment 1910
oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

15 HISTORY OF THE ATOM gold foil helium nuclei helium nuclei They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back. This indicated a small dense positively charged center.

16 HISTORY OF THE ATOM However, this was not the end of the story.
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus. He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction. The electrons occupied most of the space of an atom/ makes up most of the volume of an atom. However, this was not the end of the story.

17 HISTORY OF THE ATOM Niels Bohr 1913
studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that the electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

18 Bohr’s Atom electrons in orbits nucleus

19 HELIUM ATOM + - + - Shell proton neutron electron
What do these particles consist of?

20 More Practice with Bohr Model

21 Parts of the atom

22 Particles of the Atom to date:
Nucleus Protons = p+ = 3 quarks Neutrons= n0 = 3 quarks Electron Cloud Electrons =e- (particle/wave) Held together by a force called : Gluon

23 Quarks = up (+2/3) and down (-1/3) Gluon forces between quarks
Types of Quarks Determine Charge Quarks = up (+2/3) and down (-1/3) p+ = 2ups and 1 down n0 = 2 down and 1 up = = 0 Gluon forces between quarks

24 This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com
Modified by Mrs. Wernau with material from Mrs. Echter and Mrs. Paul. is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.

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