1. Present Perfect Tense
Usages

2. 1. We often use The Present Perfect Tense for actions which happened in the past and that have an effect or a result in the present.
Rabia has cut her finger.
(Her finger is bleeding)
Oh no! The Pope has broken his arm.
(His arm is in plaster.)

3. I’ve washed my hair. The party has finished. (The house is untidy )
(My hair is wet now.)

4. 2. We use the present Perfect for a past action whose time is not mentioned and has a relation to the present. We are not interested in its time but the action itself. The time expressions ever and never are very often used with this meaning.
I have never been to China.
Have you ever been there?

5. She has seen the Bosphorus Bridge.
Have you ever played chess?
She has seen the Bosphorus Bridge.

6. 3. We use it for an action which began in the past and is still happening now.
My parets have lived in Demirci for sixty years. (They are still living in Demirci.)

7. We use for and since with this meaning
We use for and since with this meaning. We use for with periods of time and since with points of time.
I haven’t eaten since yesterday morning. I am really hungry
I haven’t drunk anything for two days. I am terribly thirsty

8. PS (1): You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a child," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day."
We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times," "several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet.“
PS (2): The question word ‘when’ is only used with Past Simple. We cannot use it with Present Perf. When did you arrive? (When have you arrived?)

9. The expressions commonly used with the present Perfect
They have just come
They have already come.
Have you ever been to Istanbul?
She has never loved you.
It has rained a lot this week/month/year...
It has rained a lot today
How long have you studied English?
They haven’t gone to the cinema yet.
Ceyhun Bey hasn’t been to India so far.
Ayhan hasn’t played backgammon recently.
Alan has worked as a waiter since the beginning of the year.
The children have played in the park for two hours.