1. Muscular activity of the eyes วัตถุประสงค์ ...
- อธิบาย muscular activity ในการควบคุม eye movement ได้

2. Muscular Activities of the Eye
I. Intraocular muscle activities
Accommodation
Pupillary constriction & dilation
II. Extraocular muscle activities
Vergence (convergence – divergence)
Version (conjugate movement)
Fixation saccade
Optokinetic nystagmus
Vestibular nystagmus
Pursuit movements

3. III. Integrated eye movements
- Fixation triad
Accommodation
Convergence
Pupillary constriction

4. Coordination of Eye Muscles
I. Orthophoria - balanced (coordinated)
action of opposing muscles
II. Heterophoria - unbalanced (latent strabismus)
Exophoria temporal
Esophoria nasal
Hyperphoria upward
Hypophoria downward

5. Esotropia III. Strabismus (squint or heterotropia) Exotropia
Hypertropia
Hypotropia
A, left convergent strabismus;
B, left divergent strabismus;
C, left hypertropia;
D, left hypotropia