1. Questioned Documents

2. Introduction
Any object with handwriting or print whose source or authenticity is in doubt may be referred to as a questioned document.
Document examiners apply knowledge gathered through years of training and experience to recognize and compare the individual characteristics of questioned and known authentic writings.

3. Forgery Documents made with the intent to deceive.
Forged documents can include such things as checks, employment records, legal agreements, licenses, and wills.
Fraudulence is forgery done for material gain.

4. Handwriting Comparisons
Document experts continually testify to the fact that no two individuals write exactly alike.
Many factors comprise the total character of a person’s writing.
Variations are expected in angularity, slope, speed, pressure, letter and word spacing, relative dimensions of letters, connections, pen movement, writing skill, and finger dexterity.

5. Other factors to consider include the arrangement of the writing on the paper, such as margins, spacing, crowding, insertions, and alignment.

6. Spelling, punctuation, phraseology, and grammar can be personal and help to individualize the writer.
Furthermore, the writing style of one individual may be altered beyond recognition by the influence of drugs or alcohol.

7. Handwriting Exemplars
The collection of an adequate number of known writings (exemplars) is most critical for determining the outcome of a handwriting comparison.
Known writing should contain some of the words and combination of letters present in the questioned document and be adequate in number to show the range of natural variations in a suspect’s writing.

8. Typescript Comparisons
The two requests most often made of the examiner in connection with the examination of photocopier, fax, and printing devices are:
Whether a particular suspect printing device can be identified as having prepared the questioned document.
Whether the make and model of the printing devices used to prepare the questioned document can be identified.

9. Digital Technology
A side-by-side comparison is made between the questioned document and the printed exemplars to compare markings produced by the machine.
Examiners compare transitory defect marks, fax machine headers, toner, toner application methods, and mechanical and
printing characteristics.

10. Alterations
One of the most common ways to alter a document is to try to erase parts of it.
Erasure – the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document, normally accomplished by either chemical means or an abrasive instrument.

11. Infrared Luminescence – a property exhibited by some dyes that emit infrared light when exposed to blue-green light.

12. Obliteration – blotting out or smearing over writing or printing to make the original unreadable.

13. Infrared photography and reflecting light at different angles are sometimes successfully used to reveal the contents of a document that has been accidentally or purposely charred in a fire.

14. In certain situations, indented writings (partially visible depressions underneath the visible writing) have proven to be valuable evidence.

15. Applying an electrostatic charge to the surface of a polymer film placed in contact with a questioned document will visualize indented writings.

16. Ink Chromatography
A study of the chemical composition of the ink used on documents may verify whether or not known and questioned documents were prepared by the same pen; and the paper itself may be analyzed.

17. Counterfeiting currency traveler’s checks food stamps certain bonds
Counterfeiting money is a crime stretching back into ancient times. Items most often forged today include:
currency
traveler’s checks
food stamps
certain bonds
postage stamps

18. Currency
The Secret Service has worked to make it difficult to copy currency since scanning cannot reproduce the security features.
The first security feature
is the feel of the paper.
Regular printer paper
contains starch. Paper
bills contain rag fiber
instead of starch.