1. Plants

2. Plant Characteristics
Range in size
Most have roots or rootlike structures
Are adapted to live in any environment
All plants need water
Roots

3. Origin of Plants
Scientists believe that plants & green algae have a common ancestor because they both have the same type of carotenoids &
chlorophyll in their cells.
Green algae are one celled or many celled organisms that use photosynthesis to make their own food.
Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange pigments that are also used for photosynthesis (why carrots are orange)
Photosynthesis is the ability of a plant, algae or bacteria to make their own food.

4. Adaptations to Land cuticle spores
Many plants have cuticles on their leaves, stems & flowers
*this is a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto the surface of the plant that slows water loss
Cells walls contain cellulose that vie the plant structure & support
*this is a chemical compound that plants can make out of sugar
Cells of some plants secrete other substances into the cellulose to make the cell wall stronger
Plant reproduction
*some plants have water resistant spores & others produce water resistant seeds in cones or flowers that develop into fruit
cuticle
spores
sunflowerseeds

5. Plant Classification Plants are divided into 2 main groups:
vascular and nonvascular.
Vascular plants have tubelike structures that carry water, nutrients & other substances through the plant.
Nonvascular plants do not have the tubelike structures & use other ways to move water & substances through the plant.

6. Seedless Plants Seedless Nonvascular Plants: *they reproduce by spores
*nonvascular plants are not very tall & have stalks & green, leaflike growths
*have rhizoids instead of roots that anchor them where they grow
*most grow in damp places (water is absorbed & distributed through the cell membrane & cell wall)
*they do not have flowers or cones to produce seeds
*they reproduce by spores

7. Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants
Mosses
*most are classified as mosses
*grow on tree trunks, on rocks or the
ground
*found in damp areas & some in
deserts

8. Types of Seedless Nonvascular Plants cont.
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts
Liverworts
Hornworts

9. Seedless Vascular Plants
*reproduce by spores
*vascular tissue distributes nutrients, food & water to the cells throughout the plant
*this tissue is made up of long, tubelike cells

10. Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
1. Ferns
*the largest group
*have stems, leaves and have roots

11. Seedless Vascular Cont.
2. Club Mosses
*have needlelike leaves
3. Horsetails
Horsetail
Club moss

12. Seed Plants Characteristics of Seed Plants: 1. most have leaves
2. have stems
3. have roots
4. have vascular tissue

13. Leaves 1. the organ of the plant where photosynthesis takes place
2. leaves come in many shapes, sizes & colors
3. a leaf is made up of many layers of cells
4. The epidermis is a thin layer located on the upper & lower surface of a leaf
*it covers and protects the leaf
5. The stomata are small openings in the epidermis
*they allow carbon dioxide, water & oxygen to enter and leave the cell

14. Leaves
6. Each stoma is surrounded by a guard cell that opens & closes it.
7. The palisade layer is under the upper epidermis
*long, narrow cells that contain chloroplast
*most of the food is produced here
8. The spongy layer is located below the palisade layer
*vascular tissue is located here

15. Leaves
Japanese maple
Beech tree
gingko

16. Layers of a leaf

17. Stems
1. usually located above ground & support the branches, leaves & flowers
2. materials move between leaves & roots through vascular tissue in the stem
3. can either be herbaceous or woody
*herbaceous stems are usually soft & green (ex. Tulip)
*woody stems are hard & rigid (trees and shrubs)
Herbaceous stem
Woody stem

18. Roots 1. water & other substances enter a plant through the roots
2. contain vascular tissue that moves water & other substances from the soil through the stems to the leaves
3. act as anchors to prevent plants from blowing away or being washed away
4. can store food
5. can absorb oxygen used in respiration
6. can be located above ground or underground

19. Roots
Canary tree roots
Eastern Gamagrass plant

20. Vascular Tissue *There are 3 types of vascular tissue:
1. xylem tissue is hollow, tubular cells called vessels that transport water and other dissolved substances from roots to other parts of the seed plant
2. Phloem tissue is made of tubular cells called tubes that carry food to other parts of the plant
3. Cambium is a tissue that makes more xylem & phloem cells as the plant grows

21. Vascular Tissue

22. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
*Seed plants are classified into 2 main groups: gymnosperms & angiosperms
gymnosperm
Angiosperm (monkey flower)

23. Gymnosperms
1. They are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not protected by fruit & they do not have flowers (ex. Gingko & pine tree)
*many are called evergreens because some green leaves never fall off
*their leaves are needlelike or scalelike

24. Gymnosperms
gingko
Pine tree
Pine tree leaf (needlelike)

25. Gymnosperms 2. Conifer is a type of gymnosperm that
produces 2 kinds of cones, a male
and female (ex. Redwood tree)
*the cone is the reproductive structure of the conifer (seeds develop inside the cone)
*conifers have needlelike leaves
*stay green all year & don’t lose all their leaves

26. Conifers
Arborvitae
California Redwood

27. Deciduous Trees
4. A deciduous tree has broad, flat leaves and loses them each year (ex. Oak tree)
Oak tree
British Bonsai

28. Angiosperms *also known as flowering plants
1. a vascular plant that produces flowers
& has a fruit that contains one or more seeds (ex. Peach)
2. flowers of angiosperms vary in size, shape and color
3. some flower parts develop into fruit
*most fruits contain seeds (ex. Apple)
or have them on their surface
(ex. strawberries

29. Angiosperms
4. Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups: monocots & dicots
*Monocots have one cotyledon (part of the seed where food is stored)
**Examples: bananas & orchids
*Dicots have 2 cotyledons
**Examples: green beans & apples

30. Angiosperms 5. Lifecycle of Angiosperms:
*Annuals complete their life cycle in
one year. Seeds have to be
re-planted each year. (ex. Petunias)
*Biennials complete their life cycle in
2 years. They produce flowers &
seeds the second year.
*Perennials take more than 2 years to grow
to maturity, but they produce flowers &
fruit year after year (ex. Peonies)

31. Angiosperms
petunias
peonies
parsley