1. Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and
On Machines fitted to produce that Power

2. T1 T2 DW = -DQ < 0 DU = DW < 0 DW = -DQ > 0 DU = DW > 0
(V1, p1)
(V2, p2)
(V4, p4)
(V3, p3) T1 T2
(V3, p3)
(V2, p2)
(V3, p3)
(V2, p2)
(V4, p4)
(V1, p1)
(V1, p1)
DW = -DQ < 0
DU = DW < 0
DW = -DQ > 0
DU = DW > 0

3. Summary on Carnot Engine
A heat engine converts heat into work through a cyclic process in which
the working substance is unchanged.
A Carnot engine is a reversible heat engine working between two
reservoirs at different temperatures.
The efficiency of an engine is the ratio work produced to heat input:
 = W/Q1
For any Carnot engine,
c = 1 – (T2/T1) and Q1/Q2 = T1/T2 (T1 > T2) C T1 T2 W Q1 Q2

4. Kelvin Statement Calusius Statement C T1 T2 W Q1 Q2 W = Q1 – Q2
1st law
Q1/T1 = Q2/T2
Carnot E T1 T2
W = Q1 Q1
Kelvin Statement E T1 T2
Q2=Q1 Q1
Calusius Statement

5. p3, V3, T3 p
Isochore (constant volume)
Adiabatic
p2, V2, T2
Isobar (constant pressure)
Adiabatic
p4, V4, T4 V
p1, V1, T1

6. p1, V1, T1 p
Isochore (constant volume)
Isotherm
p4, V4, T4
p2, V2, T2
Isotherm
p3, V3, T3 V