1. Heat Q vs Work W and efficiency
Carnot cycle
reversible
Maximal efficiency
depends on
(TH -TC)
Transformation of heat
into work always
involves losses
(QC)
1824
Sadi Carnot ( )

2. Fundaments of thermodynamics
First law: conservation of energy U
Rudolf Clausius
Second law:
transformations
(processes)
1854
Äquivalenzwert
der Verwandlung
R. Clausius Philosophical Magazine, 12 (1856) p.81

3. Statistical thermodynamics: History
Daniel Bernouilli
Hydrodynamica (1738): Heat = kinetic (movement) energy

4. Statistical thermodynamics: History
James Maxwell
1859: Maxwell distribution of velocities in gases

5. Statistical thermodynamics: History
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE)
Number of molecules with velocity v
Ludwig Boltzmann
1896: Lectures on gas theory

6. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
1877: Boltzmann entropy
S measure for “statistical mixedupness”
Ω number of micro states of a
system in equilibrium as a macro state
Ludwig Boltzmann

7. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
Ω number of micro states of a
system in equilibrium as a macro state
Ludwig Boltzmann

8. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
Ω number of micro states of a
system in equilibrium as a macro state
Max Planck
Boltzmann constant

9. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
S increases with temperature
Ludwig Boltzmann

10. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
Ludwig Boltzmann

11. Modern classical thermodynamics
Third law (Nernst)
Hermann Walther Nernst

12. Statistical thermodynamics: History
Boltzmann distribution
Average number of molecules with energy εi
Erwin Schrödinger
Quantum mechanics: discrete energy states εi

13. Statistical thermodynamics: History
Boltzmann distribution
Chance of molecule to have energy εi
Entropy of the system
Erwin Schrödinger

15. Statistical thermodynamics: History
Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE)
Ludwig Boltzmann
1896: Lectures on gas theory

16. Statistical thermodynamic Entropy
Zentralfriedhof
Vienna
Ludwig Boltzmann

18. Statistical Thermodynamics : Boltzmann distribution
Two level system

19. Statistical Thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution