1. Trends in Physical Properties

2. Basics
Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only

3. Basics Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only
Differs in size for members of the same homologous series

4. Basics Hydrocarbon Skeleton-framework made of carbon and hydrogen only
Differs in size for members of the same homologous series
Functional Group-differs in identity in different homologous series

5. Volatility
How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state

6. Volatility How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state
High volatility means low B.P.

7. Volatility How easily a substance changes into the gaseous state
High volatility means low B.P.
REMEMBER>>>
Volatility depends on overcoming the intermolecular forces

8. Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton
Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF

9. Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton
Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF
Causes an increase in B.P.

10. Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton
Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF
Causes and increase in B.P.
Branching also affects
Branched isomers have less interaction than straight chain, therefore lower B.P.

11. Volatility Hydrocarbon Skeleton
Higher members have larger molecules and thus have stronger IMF
Causes and increase in B.P.
Branching also affects
Branched isomers have less interaction than straight chain, therefore lower B.P.

12. Volatility Functional Group
Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P.

13. Volatility Functional Group
Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P.
Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P.

14. Volatility Functional Group
Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P.
Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P.
When comparing different homologous series, ALWAYS compare compounds with similar values of molecular mass

15. Volatility Functional Group
Groups that are polar have dipole-dipole which raise B.P.
Groups with –OH form hydrogen bonding which raises B.P.
When comparing different homologous series, ALWAYS compare compounds with similar values of molecular mass
i.e. ethanol with mass=46 can be compared to propane with mass=44

16. Solubility in Water
Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds

17. Solubility in Water
Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds
The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water

18. Solubility in Water
Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds
The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water
Higher members are less soluble than lower members

19. Solubility in Water
Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds
The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water
Higher members are less soluble than lower members
Functional groups which enable hydrogen bonds to form with water are Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines

20. Solubility in Water
Determined by extent to which solute molecules form hydrogen bonds
The hydrocarbon skeleton is non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water
Higher members are less soluble than lower members
Functional groups which enable hydrogen bonds to form with water are Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines
Smaller members are readily soluble