1. American Government
The Presidency

2. “Informal” Presidential Powers
Bargaining
Going Public

3. Bargaining Neustadt’s major points Demands exceed resources
“When one man shares authority with another, but does not gain or lose his job upon the other’s whim, his willingness to act upon the urging of the other turns on whether he conceives the action right for him.” –Richard Neustadt
Neustadt’s major points
Demands exceed resources
Presidents succeed by appeal to self-interest of other actors
Shadow of the future

4. Going Public Kernell’s major points
“A strategy whereby a president promotes himself and his policies in Washington by appealing to the American public for support.” –Samuel Kernell
Kernell’s major points
Going public incompatible with bargaining
Rarely includes exchanges
Entails public posturing—makes subsequent compromise more difficult
Most successful when it exploits Americans’ distrust of politicians