1. Genetics Tool Box –Intro. Genetic Variation and Change
Segrega-tion pg 99
Mutations
pg 93
Beneficial / Harmful
Sources of variation
Sexual Reproduction
Independent assortment pg 101
Crossing over pg 102
Where, when , how?
Gene Pools pg 92
Linkage pg 103
Genetics Tool Box –Intro.
Genetic Variation and Change
Mendelian Genetics
Pg 109
Population Genetics pg 123
Changes to allele frequencies
Using monohybrid crosses
Using dihybrid crosses pg 113
Lethal alleles pg 110
Co-dominance pg 109
Indepen-dent assortment pg 114
Genetic Drift pg 126
Natural selection pg 132
Migration pg 126
Incomplete dominance pg 109
Multiple alleles pg 110
Linkage pg 118

2. Introduction – Genetics Toolbox
Todays keywords:
Homologous: refers to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent.
Haploid: a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent.
Diploid: a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes.
Chromosome: threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
Autosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

3. DNA facts Parents and children share 99.5% of the same DNA
You share 98% of your DNA with a chimpanzee
You share 40% of your DNA with a cabbage
If you could type 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, it would take approximately 50 years to type the human genome (all the bases in the DNA in one cell)

5. DNA
Double stranded molecule made from nucleotides (sugar, phosphate + base)
Cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with Guanine
Thymine forms hydrogen bonds with Adenine
Found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells, found as a loop in prokaryotic cells.
Carries the genetic code – the instructions for joining amino acids into proteins
If you put all the DNA molecules in your body end to end, the DNA would reach from the Earth to the Sun and back over 600 times (100 trillion times six feet divided by 92 million miles).

6. Genes
Are sections of DNA made up of many bases which carry the instructions to make a particular protein.
Can code for a particular protein or make an enzyme which allows a cellular process to be carried out.

7. Chromosomes Formed from DNA coiled around proteins.
Only visible during mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes condense
Each arm of a replicated chromosome is celled a chromatid.

8. Chromosomes in the human cell
We have 46 chromosomes which exist in 23 homologous pairs
Each chromosome pair is the same size and contains the same alleles. One of each pair comes from each parent.
A cell which contains both pairs of homologous chromosomes (a normal body cell) is called DIPLOID

9. During meiosis
The chromosomes replicate, pair up(crossing over occurs), separate, cells divide, cells divide again (with one of each homologous pair in each cell)  gametes
Gametes are haploid

10. Human Karyotypes = all homologous pairs lined up in size order

11. Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes each with the same sized homologous pairs
Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an organism and the male and female chromosomes are usually different sizes.
Autosomal dominant = a dominant trait found on a normal chromosome

12. Quiz How many chromosomes are in a haploid human cell?
How many cells are produced during meiosis?
What can a gene carry instructions for?
What is a homologous pair?
What is an autosome?