1. FERTILITY MEASURES

2. FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY:
Age at marriage.
Duration of married life
Spacing of children
Education
Economic status
Caste and religion
Nutrition
Family planning

3. FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS:
Birth rate:
Birth rate=Number of live births during the * year
Estimated mid year population
CBR(India)=22.2
(Kerala)=18.3

4. General fertility rate (GFR):
GFR= Number of live births in an area *1000
during the year
Mid-year female population age (15-44)
in the same area in the same year

5. Age specific fertility rate (ASFR):
ASFR=Number of live births
in a particular age group *1000
Mid year female population
of the same age group

6. Total fertility rate(TFR):
It represents the average number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the women now in each group
TFR = C * £ASFR
1000
TFR (India )=2.76
(kerala)=1.7

7. Gross reproduction rate(GRR):
GRR= C * £ ASFR for female live births
1000

8. Net reproduction rate (NRR):
The number of daughters a new born girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed ASFR and mortality rates.

9. REASONS FOR HIGHER FERTILITY RATES IN INDIA:
Universality of marriage
Lower age at marriage
Poor level of living
Limited use of contraceptives
Traditional ways of life

10. THANK YOU