1. AP Day 75

2. Starter
What are some solutions that the movie offered to create more effective cities (transportation-wise)?

3. Galactic City (Peripheral) model by Harris
Created by Chauncey Harris (same guy in Harris-Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model)
Suburbs spread outward from a declining CBD
In the growing suburbs, functions of CBD begins to appear (mini-downtowns with hotels, malls, restaurants, and tall office complexes)
Mini-downtowns are called edge cities

4. Urban Realms by James Vance
Large, late-twentieth-century US city
Each "realm" of the model is separate and used for a different purpose,
Realms linked together to make one large city.
Automobile-dependent, which enables it to be as large as necessary for that city's purposes.

5. Megacities A city area with over 10 million people
China 15
India 6
South America 5
Europe 3
Africa
North America
A city area with over 10 million people
Most megacities are in China and other parts of Asia

6. Article – The Problem of Megacities

7. Transportation

8. Borchert’s epochs of urban growth
Describes how urban growth changes based on transportation technology
Each era of transportation impacts shape, size, density, and spatial arrangement of cities
Model ends in 1970, but can be expanded to modern day

9. Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth
Time Period
Conditions and Effects
Sail-Wagon
Late 1700s-Mid 1800’s
Water ports are important
Poor road conditions make long-distance travel difficult
Iron Horse
Mid-Late 1800s
Steam engines powered boats promoting growth of river cities
Regional rail networks connect cities, resources, and industrial sites
Steel Rail
Late 1800s-1920
Transcontinental railways
Cities along railways
Auto-Air-Amenity
Cars allowed cities to spread out
Airport hubs
Cities become more interconnected
High Technology (and Eco Friendly)
1970-Today
Mass transit (UTA, etc.)
Biking/ Walking
Skype
Jets and eventually… rockets?

10. Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth
Time Period
Conditions and Effects
Sail-Wagon
Late 1700s-Mid 1800’s
Water ports are important
Poor road conditions make long-distance travel difficult
Iron Horse
Mid-Late 1800s
Steam engines powered boats promoting growth of river cities
Regional rail networks connect cities, resources, and industrial sites
Steel Rail
Late 1800s-1920
Transcontinental railways
Cities along railways
Auto-Air-Amenity
Cars allowed cities to spread out
Airport hubs
Cities become more interconnected
High Technology (and Eco Friendly)
1970- Today
Mass transit (UTA, etc.)
Biking/ Walking
Skype
Jets and eventually… rockets?

11. Gravity Model
Places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away
Dallas, Austin, Houston
Los Angeles, San Diego
Exceptions: outside factors such as tourism, religious sites or government centers will attract outsiders from all over the world, regardless of size or distance.

12. Vox: How highways wrecked American cities Vox: The high cost of free parking
Highways (4 min)
Free parking (6 min)

13. Conclusion: Problems and Solutions

14. Problems
Brownfield: a former industrial/commercial site where future use is affected by potential environmental contamination
Disamenity Zones: Zones within cities that lack desirable features or infrastructure
Zones of Abandonment: areas within cities that have been deserted for economic or environmental reasons
Suburban Sprawl: expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, car-dependent communities (McMansions!)

15. Fixes Sustainable Design
New Urbanism: mixed commercial/residential areas that are walkable
Greenbelts: an area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted
Slow-Growth Cities: cities that grow slowly rather than rapidly, have different policy issues than rapidly growing cities

16. FRQ

17. What is Central Place Theory?
(4:50)