1. Polarized America
Chapters 3 and 4

2. Figure 3.1: Ideological Self Placement

3. Figure 3.2: Party Stratification by Income [(Repub % top 1/5)/Repub % bottom 1/5)]

4. Figure 3.3
Income Effect on Party Identification Fourth-Order Polynomial Estimates
Note: Dashed line is an estimate excluding responses to the 2012 NES. The dotted lines
represent the confidence interval for the estimates using all years.

5. Figure 3.4
Income Effect on Party Identification Fourth-Order Polynomial Estimates for Southern Non–African
Americans.
Note: Dashed line is an estimate excluding responses to the 2012 NES. The dotted lines represent the
confidence interval for the estimates using all years.

6. Figure 3.5
Income Effect on Party Identification Fourth Order Polynomial Estimates for Northern
Non–African Americans.
Note: Dashed line is an estimate excluding responses to the 2012 NES. The dotted lines
represent the confidence interval.

7. Figure 3.6
Annual Income Effect
Note: From PEW surveys conducted between 1997 and 2014 (N = 325,704). The dotted lines
represent the confidence interval.

8. Figure 3.7
Republican Identification, Religion, and Relative Income
Note: Lowess estimates from PEW surveys conducted between 1997 and The figures are based solely on white, non-Hispanic respondents.

9. Figure 3.8
Party-Income Stratification by State: White Respondents to PEW Studies, 1997–2014.

10. Figure 4.1
Citizenship and Voting in 2008 and 2010
Source: November Current Population Survey.

11. Figure 4.2
Median-Mean Ratios
Source: November Current Population Survey, various years.

12. Figure 4.4
Ratio of Median Income in Categories to 72nd Centile, All Families
Source: November Current Population Survey, various years.

13. Figure 4.5
Income Ratios, 1972–2012
Source: November Current Population Survey, various years.