1. Life Science
CHAPTER 5

2. Gregor Mendel is know for what?

3. (Text page 154)
Mendel experimented with thousands of pea plants to understand the process of heredity. He cross-pollinated plants. Once he cross-pollinated the plants, he studied their traits when they grew. Traits refer to the physical characteristics that are studied in genetic. Mendel’s discoveries form the foundation of genetics, this scientific study of heredity.

4. Alleles BB means in genetics? Bb means in genetics?
A Punnett square shows all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. (page 157)

5. Different form of a gene is called Alleles
BB means in genetics…
Bb means in genetics…
Two dominant alleles.
One dominant allele and one recessive allele.

6. OFFSPRING OUTCOME First filial generation Second filial generation
What does hybrid mean?

7. OFFSPRING OUTCOME First filial generation
The offspring in the first generation of Mendel’s experiment were all tall (dominant trait) none were short(recessive trait). Page 156
Second filial generation
The offspring in the second generation of Mendel’s experiment were 3/4 tall (dominant trait) and 1/4 short (recessive trait).
Hybrid organisms have two different alleles (Aa),one dominant and one recessive, for a trait.

8. Probability is a number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur. (page 162)
Punnett Square
Phenotype
Genotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Codominance

9. Probability is a number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur. (page 162)
Punnett square is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.
Phenotype is physical appearance.
Genotype is genetic make-up, or allele combinations.
Homozygous an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait. (AA)
Heterozygous an organism that has two different alleles for a trait. (Aa)
Codominance the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. As a result, both alleles are expressed in the offspring.

10. Chromosomes Theory of Inheritance genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.
Diploid cell contains two set of chromosomes, one set from each parents.
Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together.
Genetic code is the order of nitrogen bases along a gene. (pages )
Meiosis is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells.
During meiosis the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. The resulting sex cells have half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism.

11. Protein synthesis
During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein.
Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell.

12. RNA (page 177) Genetic messenger - Ribonucleic Acid – RNA
Messenger RNA – copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA carries amino acid to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.
Uracil is a nitrogen base that is in RNA and is not a part of DNA.

13. RNA – Adenine/Uracil Guanine/Cytosine DNA – Adenine/Thymine Guanine/Cytosine

14. MUTATIONS
A mutation is any change in a gene or chromosome. (page )
Mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis. As a result, the organism’s trait, or phenotype, may be different from what it normally would have been.