1. The Reformation in Eastern Europe & The Counter Reformation

2. Bohemia (Czech.) Ethnic factors determined course in Eastern Europe
Czechs in Bohemia in 15th C., had adopted ideas of Jan Hus, German emperor forced to recognize separate Hussite church
Lutheranism appealed to Germans in Bohemia, and nobility embraced this in opp. to Catholic Habsburgs.

3. Poland
Luther’s ideas took root in Germanized towns of Poland-Lithuania but opposed by King Sigismund I as well as ordinary Poles w/strong anti-German feeling.
Calvin’s reform appealed to the Polish nobility which stressed the power of church elders
Differences amongst these reform groups led to disunity and Catholicism was restored by 1650, due to the efforts of the Jesuits

4. Hungary
Lutheranism spread by students who studied at Wittenberg, and developed sympathy at the court of King Louis II.
Ottoman sultan Suleiman crushed the Hungarians in 1526 and divided kingdom into 3 parts.
Turkish indifference to religious conflicts of Christians, led the nobility to accept Lutheranism
Lutheran school and parishes multiplied, peasants welcomed the faith.
Majority were Protestant until late 17th C., when nobles recognized Habsburg (Catholic) rule and Ottoman Turks withdrew in 1699 leading to Catholic restoration

5. The Counter-Reformation
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The Counter-Reformation

6. For every action…

7. There is an equal and opposite reaction
There is an equal and opposite reaction. -- Newton’s Third Law of Motion

8. A Response is Necessary.

9. The Revival of Spirituality
Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent
The Society of Jesus
The Revival of Spirituality

10. Pope Paul III ( )
1542 Pope Paul III established the Holy Office w/jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition.
Six cardinals had power to arrest, imprison, and executed suspected heretics.
Published the Index of Prohibited Books, forbidden reading by works of Christian humanists as well as by Protestants.
In Papal States, the Inquisition destroyed heresy, influence was slight though, elsewhere.

11. COUNCIL of TRENT

12. AFFIRMATION of Catholic Doctrine
COUNCIL of TRENT
AFFIRMATION of Catholic Doctrine

13. REFORMATION of Church Practice
COUNCIL of TRENT
REFORMATION of Church Practice

14. AFFIRMATION of Catholic DOCTRINE
Reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the teaching on transubstantiation (bread and wine of Eucharist literally became Christ’s body and blood)

15. Sources of Authority Scripture Tradition Magisterium
The Foundation of Catholic Doctrine
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Tradition
Respect for Precedent
Magisterium
Teaching Authority of Pope & Bishops
Photo Credit: Catholic Church (England & Wales)

16. REFORMATION of Church PRACTICE

17. Quality of Priests
Council required every diocese to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy.
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18. Seminaries
Laid great emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, especially the uneducated.
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19. Corruption

20. Corruption
SALE of Indulgences
Indulgences

21. The Society of Jesus
aka
Jesuits

22. Ignatius of Loyola FOUNDER
The Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola FOUNDER
Powerful role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.

23. Young Ignatius Loyola before becoming a priest
A Converted Knight
Young Ignatius Loyola before becoming a priest
Spent year in seclusion, prayer, gaining insight into his great classic, Spiritual Exercises (1548)
Structured meditation to allow one to meld one’s will with God’s

24. Spiritual Warfare
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25. MISSION: Counter the Reformation
Loyola joined six companions and in 1540 secured papal approval of the new Society of Jesus, to “help souls,” in essence, spread the Roman Catholic faith

26. Jesuit schools and universities still thrive all over the world.

27. The Revival of Spirituality

28. Monastic Reformer, Theologian, & Mystic
St. Teresa of Avila
Monastic Reformer, Theologian, & Mystic
Ursuline order of nuns founded by Angela Merici focused exclusively on teaching young girls, goal of re-Christianizing society by training future wives and mothers.

29. simplicity

30. Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Photo by Lawrence OP

31. Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying
Photo by Lawrence OP

32. The Revival of Spirituality
The Council of Trent
The Society of Jesus
The Revival of Spirituality
Counter-Reformation