1. Scientific Method 1. STEPS Problem Research Hypothesis
Procedure / Data
Results / Conclusion

2. 2. Hypothesis
Educated guess / a “prediction” based on your research

3. 3. Independent Variable What “I” control, as the experimentor
Sometimes called “Manipulated Variable”

4. 4. Dependent Variable
Changes “on its own”, as a RESULT of the experiment
“Responding” Variable
ALWAYS graphed on Y-axis

5. 5. Constants/Controls Constants: what keep the SAME
Control: does NOT receive the I.V. (for COMPARISON)

6. Effect of Salt on Growth

7. Effect of Salt on GrowthDV 5 10 IV
% SALT

8. 6. Validity/Reliability
VALID: measures what it says it measures
RELIABLE: can repeat it & get the same results

9. 7. DATA
Range: Greatest – Lowest
Mean: Average

10. 8. Metrics
Mass: Gram
Volume: Liter
Distance: Meter

11. 9. Water Structure + + + +
Hydrogen Bond + - - _ - - +

12. 10. Water Properties A POLAR molecule!!
A. Form HYDROGEN bonds, making water COHESIVE and ADHESIVE
B. Water ABSORBS heat, stabilizing land & sea TEMPERATURES

13. 10. Water Properties C. Evaporates … rids of excess HEAT
D. Ice FLOATS, preventing LAKES from freezing SOLID
E. Universal SOLVENT (can DISSOLVE many substance)

14. 11. BONDING A. IONIC: + to – (ex: Na+Cl- or salt)
B. COVALENT: share ELECTRONS (ex: H2O)
C. HYDROGEN: bonds between MOLECULES, such as WATER

15. 12. Water DISSOCIATES into H+ and OH- ions, measured as pH
H H OH-

16. pH SCALE Neutral 14 7 Basic Acidic Neutral = 7 Acidic Ranges = 0 – 67
Basic
Acidic
Neutral = 7
Acidic Ranges = 0 – 6
Basic Ranges =

17. 14. Importance of pH
Cells & enzymes only tolerate SMALL CHANGES in pH…..
Every cell/enzyme functions best within a narrow RANGE
Acidic-loving grows best between: 0 – 6
Neutral-loving best at/near: 7

18. 15. CELL MEMBRANE

19. 15. Cell Membrane
Selective Permeability = Lets some things in, not others
Help maintain HOMEOSTASIS (term for keeping everything in BALANCE)

20. CELL TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION: movement of materials from HIGH conc. To LOW conc.
OSMOSIS: WATER (from H L)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: uses ENERGY (can go from L H)

21. 16. ELEMENTS
Remember the “CHNOPS” !!
H C O
N P S

22. 17. ENZYMES
….they serve as CATALYSTS
….they SPEED UP reactions without being CHANGED or USED UP
Enzymes are PROTEINS (contain C – N bonds)

23. 17. ENZYMES Active Site: where enzyme attaches to the substrate
Substrate: molecule that is changed by the enzyme
Product: RESULT of the enzyme-substrate reaction
“Lock & Key” = specific enzyme for a specific substrate

24.                                                                                      
                                                                           
17. ENZYMES

25. 18. MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

26. CARBS: ELEMENTS
C, H, O
Sucrose (endings in “ose”)
Polysaccharides

27. Carbs: Buiding Blocks
Repeating SUGAR units:

28. Carbs: Function/Importance
ENERGY (through Respiration – ATP)
STRUCTURE (as Cellulose in Plant cell walls)

29. LIPIDS: Elements
C, H, O, sometimes P (if in cell membrane
Oils
Waxes

30. Lipids: Building Blocks
Glycerol + Fatty Acids:
CH2

31. LIPIDS: Function/Importance
CELL MEMBRANES!
Long-term energy storage
Insulation

32. Proteins: Elements
C, H, O, and N
Enzymes
Muscles
Cell Structure

33. Proteins: Building Blocks
Built of Repeating AMINO ACID units
Also called POLYPEPTIDES

34. Proteins: Function/Importance
Structural foundation of ALL CELLS
ENZYMES – act as catalysts

35. Nucleic Acids: Elements
C, H, O, N, P
DNA
RNA

36. Nucleic Acids: Buidling Blocks
NUCLEOTIDES:
SUGAR + BASE + Phosphate

37. Nucleic Acids: Functions
Store genetic information (DNA)
Carry instructions to the ribosomes (mRNA)

38. A. Dissecting B. Compound Light C. Electron Scanning
20. MICROSCOPES
A. Dissecting
B. Compound Light
C. Electron Scanning
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION =
Obj. Lense X Eyepiece

39. 21. CELL THEORY A. All living things are made of cells
B. Cells = basic unit of structure and function
C. Cells come from preexisting cells

40. Prokaryote (no nucleus) Eukaryote (have nucleus & organelles)
22. Types of Cells
Prokaryote (no nucleus)
Eukaryote (have nucleus & organelles)

41. Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Golgi, E.R. Vacuoles, etc.
EUKARYOTE Cells
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Golgi, E.R.
Vacuoles, etc.

42. DNA / RNA Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
22. BOTH Cell Types Have:
DNA / RNA
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

43. PROKARYOTE Cells:
NO Nucleus
NO Organelles
Bacteria Kingdoms

44. Cell Organelles NUCLEUS: control center – DNA, chromosomes, genes
CELL MEMBRANE: surrounds cell; bilipid layer; controls in & out
CYTOPLASM: area between cell membrane & nucleus

45. CELL ORGANELLES GOLGI APPARATUS: finishing/packaging of molecules
CHLOROPLASTS: site of photosynthesis (green)
VACUOLES: store/transport wastes, water, or food

46. CELL ORGANELLES RIBOSOMES: site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS!!!
MITOCHONDRIA: powerhous of cell; site of respiration (ATP)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): transports; “rough” has ribosomes

47. CELL ORGANELLES
CENTRIOLES: assist in cell division
LYSOSOMES: digestive enzymes (“suicide sacs”)
NUCLEOLUS: in nucleus; produces RNA

48. 19. Photosynthesis: Inputs
Chlorophyll + Sun + CO2 + Water

49. 19. Respiration: inputs
SUGAR + O2 + Enzymes

50. 19. Products (Photosyn.)
SUGARS
OXYGEN

51. 19. Products: Respiration
ATP (energy)
CO2
H2O

52. SITE: Photosynthesis
CHLOROPLAST

53. SITE: Respiration
MITOCHONDRIA

54. RATE: Photosynthesis
Amounts of:
Light
CO2
Water
Temperature

55. RATE: Respiration
Amounts of:
Sugar
Oxygen
Enzymes

56. 19.A “Light Reaction” or… Photochemical Reaction = H2O + SUN H+ + O2
B. “Dark Reaction” or …
Carbon Fixation =
H CO SUGARS

57. 19C.
RESPIRATION: can be either
AEROBIC (with oxygen) or
ANAEROBIC (without oxygen) -- look for LACTIC ACID as a product

58. 25. STAGES of Cell Division
A. MITOSIS: 2 identical daughter cells (each 2n)

59. 25. Cell Division: MEIOSIS
B. MEIOSIS: 4 haploid sex cells

60. 26. Mitosis V. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Cell division Cell division
ALL cells Sex cells only
IPMAT once IPMAT twice
2 diploid cells 4 haploid cell
2n 2n + 2n 2n n+n+n+n

61. REPRODUCTION Sexual: union of male & female gametes
Asexual: producing a copy WITHOUT forming gametes