1. Science 10 Provincial Review
Ecosystems
Science 10 Provincial Review

2. Biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the biosphere
Introduction
Biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the biosphere
Energy flow and nutrient cycles support life in ecosystems
Ecosystems continually change over time
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3. Biomes
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4. Biomes Biome: a region with similar biotic and abiotic components
Biotic = living things
Abiotic = non-living things (air, water, soil, etc.)
See pages 8 -10
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5. Biosphere Species – organisms that can reproduce with each other
Population – all the members of a species
Community – populations of different species
(It’s home eg. tidepool)
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6. Biomes of the World
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7. Annual Temperature vs. Annual Precipitation of Biomes
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8. Little precipitation, usually snow Strong winds Little soil
Polar Ice
Large polar ice caps
Cold year-round
Little precipitation, usually snow
Strong winds
Little soil
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9. Upper Northern Hemisphere Cold and dark Little precipitation
Tundra
Upper Northern Hemisphere
Cold and dark
Little precipitation
Permafrost
Summer marshes
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10. Northern Hemisphere Cold Some precipitation Short summer Wet soil
Boreal Forest
Northern Hemisphere
Cold
Some precipitation
Short summer
Wet soil
Coniferous trees
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11. Temperate Deciduous Forest
Moderate climate and rainfall
Large, distinct seasonal changes
Prolific plant and animal life
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12. Temperate Rainforest – our home!
Lots of rain
Warm
Along coastlines that are back by mountains
Tall trees
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13. Hot summers and cold winters Flat land with fertile soil
Grassland
Prairies
Hot summers and cold winters
Flat land with fertile soil
Scarcity of trees
Large grazing mammals
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14. Greatest diversity of animals
Tropical Rainforest
Around equator
Lots of rainfall
Warm temperatures
Poor soil nutrients
Great plant diversity
Greatest diversity of animals
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15. Either hot or cold deserts Little rain Salty soil Few plants
Waxy leaves to store water
Replies are common
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16. Biomes of the World
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17. Climatographs
Climate: average pattern of weather conditions of a large region
A climatograph shows the average temperature and precipitation
Biomes are often defined using information in climatographs.
See pages
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18. Climatographs
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19. The “Locals”
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20. Adaptations
An adaptation is a characteristic that allows an organism to better survive in its biome and reproduce.
Structural adaptation – a physical feature that helps an organism survive
A wolf has large paws to help it run in snow.
Physiological adaptation – a physical or chemical event
inside the body of an organism that allows it to survive
A wolf maintains a constant body temperature.
Behavioural adaptation – a behaviour that helps an organism to survive
Wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey.
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21. Predator-Prey
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22. Predator-Prey
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23. Symbiosis
Symbiotic relationships - interactions between members of two different species that live together in a close association
Commensalism –one species benefits, one is not affected
Eg: barnacles on a whale
Mutualism – both species benefit
Eg: bee gathering nectar from a flower
Parasitism – one species benefits, other is harmed
Eg: hookworm living in dogs
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24. Energy & Nutrients

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26. Representing energy moving through ecosystems
Food chains
Food webs
Food pyramids
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27. Examples of terrestrial and aquatic food chains
4th trophic level 3rd trophic level 2nd trophic level 1st trophic level
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28. Food Webs
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29. Energy Flow and Energy Loss
Note:
80-90% of energy taken in is “lost” as heat
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30. Food Pyramids Eats carnivore Eats herbivore Eats plants Plants
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31. Consumers in a food chain can be classified as:
Detrivores –obtain energy from dead organisms and waste matter
Ex. earthworms, bacteria, fungi
feed at every trophic level
have own, separate food chains and are very numerous
Herbivores – primary consumers
eat plants (producers) only
Carnivores – secondary or tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers - eat non-producers, such as herbivores
Tertiary consumers - eat secondary consumers
Omnivores – eat both plants and animals
Ex. Humans, bears
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32. Nutrient Cycles: Carbon Cycle
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33. Nitrogen Cycle
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34. Phosphorus Cycle
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36. Bioaccumulation
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37. PCB’s – was used in paints, plastics etc;
DDT – a persistent organic pollutant (POP); insecticide introduced in 1941 to control mosquitoes; remains in the soil a long time
PCB’s – was used in paints, plastics etc;
- long half life
Heavy Metals - lead, cadmium, mercury
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38. Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification
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39. Natural Change
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40. Adaptive radiation - type of natural selection where
Natural Change
Natural selection - process where individuals with advantages are better able to reproduce and pass along their traits
Adaptive radiation - type of natural selection where
many different species appear from one original
species
Primary succession - begins with bare rock such as where
glaciers scrape away dirt or a volcano erupts
Secondary succession - occurs after a major disturbance
in an area that already has soil and once had living organisms.
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41. Environmental Concerns

42. Environmental Concerns
Sustainability – being able to maintain ecological processes and biodiversity over time – health now and for the future
Invasive species –introduced species that are not native to an area
ex.american bullfrog
Competition: can throw off this balance
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